Problems Related to Climate Change Essay examples

Climate change has been a topic of concern for humanity over the past two decades. In my opinion, it is the best example of the consequences of our actions on our planet. Most countries have taken some efforts and precautions to save the Earth from experiencing further damage. Decline of forests and global warming has affected our lives in more ways than one and in the future, the Earth and its inhabitants might see a more crucial period in their lives, if we neglect this issue. At this point in time, preventing further climate changes is the most important precaution, in my opinion. Unlike events like war, terrorism, and recession, which have direct impacts on the human population, climate change is an indirect consequence of our actions.†¦show more content†¦When trees and plants are cut down, more and more carbon dioxide lingers to the atmospheric air. Thus, deforestation contributes to the increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a major comp onent of the greenhouse gases and greenhouse gases are responsible for increasing earth’s atmospheric temperature. Global temperatures have risen by 0.74 in the last century with 0.55oC rise being observed in the last 30 years (Mertz et al., 2006). Hence an excess of carbon dioxide gets trapped in the air, it indirectly causes glaciers and polar icescapes to melt down. This, in turn, results in an increase in the sea levels, which can be fatal to the earth’s landscape. The rising sea levels have been noticed in the American state of Florida, European cities of Amsterdam and Venice. ( natgeo ). The varying patterns of precipitation also affect agriculture. The increase in carbon dioxide levels and temperature affects the production of crops like rice, wheat, and corn. According to the studies conducted by Easterling and Apps (2005), the percentage of yield for corn and wheat will decrease by 7% with every 1oC rise in temperature. Rice yields will decrease by 17% with every 4oC rise in temperature. Soil erosion due to deforestation and atmospheric pollution from industries and vehicles also affect the yield of cultivation. Extreme weather also threatens the cultivation of crops. Unusual precipitation can damage yield. All theseShow MoreRelatedThe Rate Of Countries With Climate Change And The Number Of Years1012 Words   |  5 Pagescurrently strengthening their resilience to climate change, wait x number of years, and then re-evaluate the percentage to see if more countries have indeed strengthened their resilience to climate change. 13.2 Yes. Evaluate the percentage of countries that are currently implementing climate change measures into their policies, wait x number of years, and then re-evaluate the percentage to see if more countries have indeed implemented new climate change policies. 13.3 Yes. Poll the global populationRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Environment Of Rwanda, Darfur, And The Democratic Republic Of The Congo1340 Words   |  6 PagesClimate change is a current event that many debate. The National Climactic Data Center reported that, as of June 2012, the average combined global land and ocean temperature was 0.63 degrees Celsius higher than the twentieth century average. This is the fourth highest temperature ever recorded. Many credible sources, such as a number of United Nation bodies, the International Panel of Climate Change, and academic scholars state that climate change cause resource scarcity. A lack of resourcesRead MoreClimate Change Is A Serious Problem For The Planet Earth975 Words   |  4 Pages Climate change is the rise in the temperature of the earth’s surface mainly credited to the increased levels of Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Climate change is a serious problem for the planet earth that have leaders fro m around the world worried about its effects. The rise of sea level, the melting of the glaciers on Antarctica due to the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is threatening the life of people living in many different big cities aroundRead MoreThe Economics Of Climate Change1400 Words   |  6 PagesThe Economics of Climate Change The world economy is a very complex system; in the system harmful externalities disrupt capital flows and determine economic productivity. Most notable of these externalities is inadvertent global warming. Spending towards research and regulation of climate change at both the national and international level are very important in determining current and future business trends. Economists and scientists worldwide continuously debate the pros and cons of emissions reductionRead MoreThe Economics Of Climate Change1384 Words   |  6 PagesTristan Ridley English 102 Professor Pontillo 28 January 2016 The Economics of Climate Change The world economy is a very complex system; in the system harmful externalities disrupt capital flows and determine economic productivity. Most notable of these externalities is inadvertent global warming. Spending towards research and regulation of climate change at both the national and international level are very important in determining current and future business trends. Economists and scientists worldwideRead MoreEvaluation Of Water Related Climate Change Adaptation Interventions At Thai Binh Province Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe aim of this research is to develop a set of indicators for monitoring and evaluation of water-related climate change adaptation interventions at the local community level in Thai Binh province. This will help authorities at high levels, NGO officers, local residents and other beneficiaries as they can evaluate the â€Å"effectiveness† of water-related interventions. The robust indicators will help to adjust the adaptation targets for giv en times, to ensure the accountability to stakeholders, to provideRead MoreClimate Change : A Look On Public Health1261 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish Composition 3 November 2015 Climate Change: A Look on Public Health What will happen to the future of humanity if climate change is allowed to have its way with the human race? What disasters will climate change force upon civilization? Will the human race slowly be extinguished? What will happen to individual people as the Earth’s climate gets more and more violent? Climate change will affect the general public’s health; the only question is â€Å"How much?† Climate change’s effects are very realRead MoreClimate Change ´s Impact on the NY-NJ-PA Part of the US1088 Words   |  4 PagesRecently, the environment issues are becoming more and more serious. The increasing of greenhouse gas emission and pollutions lead to many environment problems related to climate change. The climate change impact our urban life in many aspects. As the biggest metropolitan area in US, New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area has a population about 19,831,858 by year 2012 (U.S. Department of Commerce, US Census Bureau, 2012) The population has been increased by 1.35% sinceRead MoreClimate Change And Its Impacts On The Environment935 Words   |  4 Pagesthe deterioration of the earth and one significant factor is due to the issues of climate change. Majority of environmental as well as social scientist that cares about the world defines climate change as the primary source of global risk since it could have severe impacts on the future generations. In addition, the general meaning of the term ‘climate change’ is defined as the change in regional or global climate patterns and it is mainly caused by human activities such as deforestation and emissionRead MoreClimate Change : Human Activity1015 Words   |  5 PagesClimate Change: Human Activity is to Blame Climate change is an extremely serious threat because it affects every living thing on the planet. Climate change can have destructive effects like causing extreme weather events, ocean acidification and increasing global temperature. These are only few of the effects of climate change and if it continues can even cause the extinction of humanity. Much of the scientific community agrees that our use of fossil fuels is the cause and our continued dependency

Blood Promise Chapter Fourteen Free Essays

string(56) " was noticing me for the first time-and was interested\." The encounter with Denis left me even more confused than before. It was a shocking illustration of Mark’s warning, an omen of what I too might become if I wasn’t careful. I wasn’t really the same as Denis, was I? I wasn’t aimlessly seeking danger. We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Promise Chapter Fourteen or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was seeking danger†¦ well, for a reason. I had to fulfill the promise I’d made to find Dimitri. Maybe it was suicidal and I was only deluding myself into thinking it was noble. Viktoria left me little opportunity to ruminate. Later that evening, as the family was settling down in the living room after way too much food, she glibly asked Olena, â€Å"Can I go over to Marina’s? She’s having a party before we go back to school.† Wow. It looked like Abe and the Alchemists weren’t the only ones keeping secrets around here. I glanced between Olena and Viktoria’s faces, curious as to how this would play out. Olena and Yeva were both knitting, but Yeva didn’t look up. Viktoria had spoken in English. Olena’s face turned thoughtful. â€Å"You have to leave early tomorrow to go back to school.† â€Å"I know. But I can sleep on the bus. Everyone else will be there tonight.† â€Å"? ®Everyone else’ isn’t a convincing argument,† scoffed Olena. â€Å"They’ll all be tired tomorrow too,† replied Viktoria, grinning. â€Å"You’ll miss your last night with Rose.† â€Å"I’ll hang out with her after I get back.† â€Å"Great. And stay up even later.† â€Å"Not that late. I’ll be back by two.† â€Å"Absolutely not. You’ll be back by midnight.† Olena returned to her knitting. But that had been permission if I’d ever heard it. Viktoria looked at the clock. It was almost eight thirty. Her face told me she wasn’t happy about the curfew, but she apparently decided to take what she could get. Karolina gave us an odd look as we left the room but remained silent. Sonya and Paul, engrossed in TV, barely noticed our departure. I had to find out what was going on. â€Å"Okay,† I said once we were heading upstairs, â€Å"what gives? I thought you weren’t going to Marina’s.† Viktoria grinned and beckoned me into her bedroom. I’d recently learned her bedroom used to be Dimitri’s, and every time I was in here, I had to resist the urge to go bury myself in the bed, even though I knew the sheets had been washed countless times since those days. Somehow, I could imagine them smelling like Dimitri and feeling warm as though we were both lying there together. â€Å"I’m not.† Viktoria began rifling through her closet and pulled out a short, sleeveless red dress with lace around the straps. The fabric was stretchy -the kind that looked like it’d show everything. I was shocked when she began putting it on. It was pretty trashy. â€Å"Is this a joke?† Nope. Viktoria took off her shirt and jeans and pulled the dress on. She had no trouble with it, but it was every bit as clingy as it had appeared. She wasn’t as filled out as I was on top, but in a dress like that, it didn’t matter. â€Å"Okay,† I said, catching on at last. â€Å"What’s his name?† â€Å"Rolan,† she said. â€Å"Oh, Rose. He’s amazing. And this is the last night I’ll get to see him before school.† I didn’t know whether to feel happy for her or sad for Nikolai. This Rolan guy must have been the reason she couldn’t give Nikolai the time of day. She was totally in love with someone else. Still, that dress†¦ â€Å"You must really like him,† I observed dryly. Her eyes widened. â€Å"Do you want to meet him?† â€Å"Er, well, I don’t want to interfere with your date†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"You won’t. Just stop by and say hi, okay?† It felt pretty intrusive, yet at the same time†¦ well, I was kind of curious about a guy who could get her to leave the house in that kind of outfit, particularly when she started applying really heavy makeup: extra-dark eyeliner and bright red lipstick. So I agreed to meet Rolan, and we left the house as quietly as we could. Despite wearing a coat over her dress, Viktoria still didn’t want to run into her mother. We headed downtown, following a few twists and turns until we ended up behind what looked like an ordinary warehouse in an abandoned part of town. All was quiet, but a tall, tough-looking dhampir stood by a door leading into the building, his arms crossed in front of him. Viktoria brought us to a halt nearby, saying we had to wait there. A minute later, a group of Moroi men of mixed ages wandered up, chatting and laughing. The dhampir gave them a once-over and then opened the door for them. Light and music spilled out until the door shut-and all went silent again. â€Å"So this is Baia’s secret dhampir world,† I murmured. She didn’t hear me because suddenly, her face lit up. â€Å"There he is!† She pointed to two approaching guys. Both were Moroi. Well, who knew? Viktoria’s secret boyfriend wasn’t a dhampir. I guessed that wasn’t too shocking, really, though the way she’d dressed tonight still bothered me. She gave him a fierce hug and introduced us. His friend was named Sergey, and he smiled politely before hurrying inside where he was apparently meeting a girl too. I had to give Viktoria credit: Rolan was hot. His hair was dark auburn, soft and wavy. The green of his eyes reminded me-painfully-of Adrian’s. And when he smiled at Viktoria, it was dazzling. The look on her face was exactly like Nikolai’s whenever he was around her. Rolan took a hold of Viktoria’s hands and brought them to his lips, kissing each one. Those green, green eyes gazed at hers, and he murmured something I couldn’t hear. She blushed and replied in Russian. I didn’t need any translation to know the content was sexy and flirty. Still smiling, he glanced over at me, and although she’d introduced us, it was like he was noticing me for the first time-and was interested. You read "Blood Promise Chapter Fourteen" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"You’re new here, aren’t you?† he asked. Viktoria wrapped her arms around him and rested her head on his chest. â€Å"Rose is visiting. She’s a friend of the family.† â€Å"Ah,† he said. â€Å"Now I remember hearing about you. I had no idea such a fierce Strigoi killer would be so beautiful.† â€Å"It’s part of the job description,† I said dryly. â€Å"Will you be returning to school with Viktoria?† he asked. â€Å"No. I’ll be staying here a little longer.† I still had no clue, though, if â€Å"a little longer† was one hour or one year. â€Å"Hmm,† he said thoughtfully. He looked back down at Viktoria and pressed a kiss to her hair, running his fingers along her throat. His next words were to her. â€Å"I’m glad you were able to come here before you left. I don’t know how I’ll get by with you so far away.† She beamed. â€Å"There was no way I could leave without seeing you one more time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She trailed off, too overcome with emotion, and as he leaned down, hand still on her throat, I thought for an awful moment that they were going to start making out then and there. Fortunately, the appearance of an approaching dhampir girl interrupted them. Viktoria broke from Rolan and embraced the other girl. They apparently hadn’t seen each other in a while and chatted rapidly in Russian, ignoring Rolan and me. Free of her for a moment, he leaned toward me. â€Å"Once Viktoria has returned to school, you’ll be all alone here. Maybe I could show you around then?† â€Å"Thanks, but I’ve already seen everything.† He kept that big smile on. â€Å"Of course. Well, then, perhaps we could simply get together and†¦ talk?† I couldn’t believe it. This guy had had his hands all over Viktoria thirty seconds ago and was now trying to score plans with me the instant she left town. I was disgusted and had to restrain myself from doing something stupid. â€Å"Sorry, but I don’t think I’ll be around long enough.† I got the impression that women didn’t refuse him very often. He frowned and started to protest, but Viktoria returned and wrapped herself around him again. He studied me for several more puzzled seconds and then shifted his attention to her, smiling and turning on the charm. She ate it all up, and while the two tried to include me in their conversation, it was clear they were totally absorbed in each other. Rolan might be interested in me, but for now, she was an easier target-and one that wouldn’t be available much longer. I felt that disgust roil up in me again. The longer we stood out there, the more I realized what was going on. All the people going inside were Moroi guys or dhampir girls. And the girls were all dressed like Viktoria. This was a blood whore den. Suddenly, Baia’s secret dhampir world held no appeal. I hated it. I wanted nothing more than to get out of here. No, wait. I wanted nothing more than to get out of here and drag Viktoria away, even kicking and screaming. Rolan was sleazy, no question, and I didn’t want her anywhere near him. Yet it soon became clear they weren’t going to stand out in the alley all night. They wanted to go inside and do God only knew what. â€Å"Viktoria,† I said, trying to be reasonable, â€Å"are you sure you don’t want to come back home and hang out? I mean, I won’t get to see you tomorrow.† She hesitated, then shook her head. â€Å"I won’t get to see Rolan either. But I promise I’ll come see you as soon as I get home later. We’ll stay up all night. Mom won’t care.† I didn’t know what other protests to make. Rolan’s impatience, now that I’d refused him, was starting to show. He wanted to go inside. I wondered what was there†¦ a dance floor? Bedrooms? I probably could have gone with them to see for myself, despite being underdressed-or, well, overdressed as far as amounts of clothing went. Yet I couldn’t bring myself to do it. All my life, I’d been taught about blood whores and why their lifestyle was wrong. I didn’t know if Viktoria was becoming one-and I hoped she wasn’t-but there was no way I could set foot in there. It was a matter of principle. I watched them go with a heavy heart, wondering what I’d just let my friend walk into. Seeing her in that ultra-tight dress, plastered all over him, suddenly made me reevaluate everything. How much of this peaceful life in Baia was a sham? Was Viktoria-the girl who’d called me a sister really not the person I thought she was? Confused, I turned away to head back home-And almost walked into Abe. Again. â€Å"What the hell?† I exclaimed. He wore a tuxedo tonight, complete with tails and a silvery silk scarf. â€Å"Are you stalking me?† Stupid question. Of course he was. I hoped his formal wear meant he wouldn’t be dragging me off this evening. His guardians were equally well dressed. Idly, I wondered if a place like this had something to do with his illegal business dealings. Was he trafficking blood whores? Like some kind of pimp? Unlikely, seeing as most of these girls didn’t require much urging. Abe gave me that annoying knowing smile of his. â€Å"I see your friend is off to an interesting night. I had no idea Viktoria had such lovely legs. Now everyone knows, thanks to that dress.† I clenched my fists and leaned toward him. â€Å"Don’t you dare talk about her like that, old man.† â€Å"I’m not saying anything that isn’t obvious to everybody else. It’ll certainly be obvious to young Rolan soon.† â€Å"You don’t know anything about them!† Yet I didn’t believe my own words, not after seeing them walk off together. Abe, I could tell, knew what I was thinking. â€Å"These girls all say it won’t happen to them. But it always does. It’s what’ll happen to you if you stay.† â€Å"Oh, here we are,† I said mockingly. â€Å"I knew a threat had to be coming. The part where you order me again to leave the country or else bad, bad things will happen.† He gestured toward the door, where more Moroi and dhampirs were going. â€Å"I don’t even need to make anything bad happen. You’ll do it on your own by staying here. You’ll waste your life away, running errands for Olena Belikova. Potlucks will become the most exciting thing in your world.† â€Å"They’re good people,† I growled. â€Å"Don’t mock them.† â€Å"Oh, I’m not denying that.† He straightened his silk scarf. â€Å"They are good people. But they aren’t your people. This is a fantasy. You’re deluding yourself.† He was all sternness now. â€Å"Your grief has sent you here. Your man was ripped away from you, and you’ve ripped yourself away from your old friends. You’re trying to make up for it by convincing yourself that this is your family, that this is your home. They’re not. This isn’t.† â€Å"I could make this my home.† I still wasn’t sure of that, but my stubborn nature made me want to contradict him. â€Å"You aren’t meant for Baia,† he said, dark eyes blazing. â€Å"You’re meant for better things. You need to go back home, back to your school and the Dragomir princess.† â€Å"How the hell do you know about her? Who are you? When are you going to tell me who you work for? What do you want with me?† I had a feeling I was on the verge of hysterics. Hearing him refer to Lissa snapped something inside of me. â€Å"I’m merely an observer who can tell you’re wasting your time here. This is no life for you, Rose. Your life is back in the States. They say you were on track to be a great guardian. Do you know what an honor it is to be assigned to the last Dragomir? You could spend your life in elite, powerful circles. The reputation you’ve already gained will raise you in status and regard. You have a stunning career ahead of you, and it’s not too late to go back to it. Not yet.† â€Å"Who are you to talk about how I should live my life? I’ve heard that your hands are bloody-Zmey. You’re not exactly a good role model. What is it you’re involved in, anyway?† â€Å"My own affairs. And it’s exactly because of the life I lead that you should listen to me when I say abandon this path and go back home.† His words were urgent and authoritative, and I couldn’t believe he had the audacity to talk to me like that. â€Å"That’s not my life anymore,† I said icily. He gave a harsh laugh and gestured around us once more. â€Å"What, and this is? You want to go off and be a blood whore like your friend in there?† â€Å"Don’t call her that!† I shouted. â€Å"I don’t care if you’ve got bodyguards or not. I will hurt you, old man, if you say anything else about Viktoria.† He didn’t flinch at my explosion. â€Å"That was harsh, I admit. She’s not a blood whore. Not yet. But she’s one step away from it. As I said, it always happens in the end. Even if you aren’t used by someone like Rolan Kislyak-and believe me, he will use her, just like he did her sister-you’ll still end up alone with a baby you’re way too young for.† â€Å"Her†¦ wait.† I froze. â€Å"Are you saying he’s the guy who got Sonya pregnant? Why would Viktoria be involved with him after he did that and left her sister?† â€Å"Because she doesn’t know. Sonya doesn’t talk about it, and Mr. Kislyak thinks it’s a game, getting two sisters into bed. Too bad for him that Karolina’s smarter than the others or he could have had them all. Who knows?† He gave me a sardonic smile. â€Å"Maybe he’ll consider you part of the family enough to go after you next.† â€Å"Like hell. I’d never get involved with anyone like that. I’m never going to be involved with anyone again. Not after Dimitri.† Abe’s sternness gave way to momentary amusement. â€Å"Oh, Rose. You are young. You’ve barely lived. Everyone thinks their first love is the only one they’ll ever have.† This guy was really pissing me off, but I gained enough control to decide I wasn’t going to punch him. At least, I didn’t think so. I backed up a little, toward the building. â€Å"I’m not going to play your game here. And you can tell whoever you’re working for that I’m not playing theirs either and that I’m not going back.† One way or another, whether it was to hunt Dimitri or live with his family, I was staying in Russia. â€Å"You’re going to have to box me up and ship me there.† Not that I wanted to give Abe any ideas. I suspected he could do it if he wanted. Damn it. Who was behind this? Who would want to find me badly enough to send this guy after me? Weirder still, whoever it was was someone who cared enough about me to attempt reason. If Abe had actually wanted to abduct me, he already would have. He could have done it the night he brought me to Baia. All he would have had to do was keep driving to the nearest airport. I eventually needed to figure this out, but first I needed to get away from Abe. I backed up further. â€Å"I’m leaving, and you can’t stop me. And don’t spy on me anymore. This ends now.† Abe studied me for several seconds, his dark eyes narrowed thoughtfully. I could practically see the wheels of plots and world domination spinning in his head. At last he said, so quietly I could hardly hear him, â€Å"It won’t end with them, though.† â€Å"Who?† He pointed at the door. â€Å"Viktoria and Rolan.† â€Å"What are you getting at?† â€Å"You know what I’m getting at. She thinks she’s in love with him. He knows she’ll be back in school tomorrow. Tonight’s his last chance with her, and he won’t waste it. There are lots of bedrooms in there. They’re probably in one right now.† I tried to control my breathing. â€Å"Then I’ll go tell her mother.† â€Å"It’ll be too late. She’d never find them in time, and tomorrow, Viktoria will be on her way to school-and he’ll have no interest anymore. What can her mother do after the fact? Ground her?† I was getting angry, largely because I had a feeling he was right. â€Å"Fine. Then I’ll drag her off myself.† â€Å"That’ll never happen. She wants to do this. She won’t leave with you. Even if she did, she’d just find him again.† I eyed him. â€Å"Enough. You’re obviously hinting at something, so just get on with it.† He smiled, apparently pleased at my astuteness-or maybe my bluntness. â€Å"If you want to save her, you’ve got to go through him. Through Rolan.† I scoffed. â€Å"Not likely. The only way he’d leave her alone is if I offered to take her place.† And hey, friendship only went so far. â€Å"Not if I talk to him.† â€Å"What are you going to do, give him a talk on morality and sway him with reason?† â€Å"Oh, I’ll sway him, all right. But believe me, I won’t do it with reason-well, at least not the kind you’re thinking of. If I tell him to leave her alone, he’ll leave her alone. For good.† I stepped backward without realizing it and hit the wall. Abe looked scary as hell. Zmey. I didn’t doubt his words at all. He could get Rolan to leave Viktoria alone. In fact, he probably wouldn’t even use his dhampirs. Abe could deliver enough terror-and probably a good punch-to make it happen. â€Å"Why would you do that for me?† I asked. â€Å"As a sign of good faith. Promise to leave Baia, and I’ll deal with him.† His eyes gleamed. Both of us could feel the net closing around me. â€Å"That’s your tactic now? You’re offering me a trade? My leaving isn’t really worth you scaring some Moroi asshole.† The net grew tighter. â€Å"Isn’t it, Rose?† Frantically, I thought about what to do. Some part of me thought Viktoria was free to make her own choices, to love whom she wanted†¦ but I knew for a fact that Rolan didn’t love her. She was a conquest for him, as shown by his willingness to go after me-and Sonya, apparently. What would happen to Viktoria? Would she become like the rest of the women here? Would she be the next Belikov to have a baby? Even if she had no intentions of becoming a guardian, this wasn’t the right path for her. Karolina had declined to join the guardians and now lived a respectable life with her kids and a job that-if not exciting-was steady and allowed her to keep her dignity. I couldn’t let Viktoria turn down a road that could ruin the rest of her life. I couldn’t let that happen to Dimitri’s sister. Dimitri†¦ I knew him. I knew his protective nature. He would never let anything happen to those he cared about. I hated the thought of that blood whore den, but I still would have run in to get her-because that was what Dimitri would have done. But I didn’t know if I’d find her there in time. I knew, however, that Abe could-and that he could keep Rolan away forever. And so, I spoke without fully understanding the consequences of my words. â€Å"I’ll leave Baia.† How to cite Blood Promise Chapter Fourteen, Essay examples

Chapter One free essay sample

Utter, simple, apathetic, tenebrous, tournaments darkness. I see a pinpoint of light, and try to swim toward It. Either I get closer to It, or it gets closer to me, but I cant tell In the Inky darkness. The pinhole expands as It gets closer, and I get pulled toward it. It expands, and suddenly engulfs me in a flash of light. Im in a perfectly cubical white room, apparently made of marble. I turn around and see the hole I came from. An human-sized black, inky hole. It seems strange in this perfectly white cube.I turn around and start to look for an exit, but as I walk way Inky black tentacles lunge out of the hole, gripping me tightly. I struggle, but their grip Is Iron. They pull me back, to the world of darkness, but I dont want to. I try to twist about, attempting to writhe free from the tentacles. I break free, go flying forward, toward the white wall. I brace myself for impact And go straight through the wall. I stumble, and almost fall. I find myself in a large room, but with an enormous hole in the center. I look around, but theres nothing but solid white marble walls.I turn around, and they wall I stumbled through is still there. I test Its solidity, and as I expect, its solid. I search around the room, looking for any way out. On closer Inspection, I see on panel of marble Is slightly loose. I lightly tap it, and the echo tells me its hollow. I pull the panel off and look inside the tunnel. I see a simple switch. I look around, looking for anything else I can do. I pull the switch, shrugging. Its not like I have anything to lose. Suddenly, the marble block right under the secret switch, goes flying outward, hitting me hard in the stomach.I fall backwards, into the hole. I spiral down, falling down the enormous hole. As I fall I think, I was wrong. I still have my life to lose. Oh well. Im surprised to see myself still alive. I look around, and hay_ Instead of a cubic marble room, Im in a cubic jade room. Nice improvement. I look around, once again looking to an answer to my new puzzle. At the top of the ceiling, I see a bright blue block, bulging out like a button. But from my height, its way to far up for me to push. Oh hay. I know what to do, but not how. I notice that some Jade marbles along the wall are also slightly more bulgy. O up to them and try pushing on the, but nothing happens. I wonder If this Is Like one of those things Like the button wont press In unless you press the other buttons first around It In a specific order. I start pushing, but get nowhere. I stare at the blocks some more, thinking hard. And thats when I realize my mistake. Thinking hard. I was over-thinking! The bulging jade blocks arent buttons! Only the blue one is. The jade ones are footsteps to climb up! I immediately start, and get to the ceiling easily, as I was always athletic.But as I look, I realize Ill have to Jump to hit the button. Suddenly, the Jade floor looks awfully hard. I collect my broken bits of courage together, and Jump, my hand barely slapping the button. I tart to fall, toward the jade floor. I try to steady myself out, but fail horribly. I brace myself for impact And once again fall through the wall. My feet suddenly hit solid ground, or, as I realize, solid obsidian. Now Im in an obsidian cubic room, but this time there is no ceiling. Cute. I walk up to the wall and try to pass through it.Once more, I fail. I growl at the wall In frustration. When I want to, you turn solid. I punch the wall with all my power, and all I end up with is a hurting fist. I yelp, flinching backwards. I look around, imagining what a bystander would think if they saw me. I look at the walls, and for the first time I realize that there is no source of light. Everything is Just evenly lit, but from no source. There are no shadows or highlights. Strange, I think. Now that I think about it, it look surreal. Lost in thought, I hear something falling. Something heavy.I look up and see an enormous Jade block falling toward me. I leap away, my foot Just barely evading the block. I look at the Jade block. It looks strange in the obsidian room. I wonder why I didnt realize something was falling when the block came down. Shouldnt the shadow have covered me first? And then I realize, in his world of no shadows, I wont know when something falls down. Another block comes falling down, Just next to me. I realize whats going on. This is the ultimate test, and I have to avoid getting hit. I stare up, trying to spot the next block. It hits across the room, but I realize that I dont see them until seconds before they hit. That means all I can do is run around the room, screaming like a little girl. Which is exactly what I proceed to do. Eventually the blocks fill up the floor of the room, and the only space left is the area Im in. Just enough area for the next cube. I become cognizant to the act that to avoid being crushed, Ill have to Jump on top of another block. I start from the corner. I start running toward the Jade blocks, and leap for all my life is worth. I make it, but Just barely.My shoe gets caught in the next blocks fall, and I have to leave it behind. I sigh in relief, thinking everything is okay now. But Im wrong. A voice, obviously synthesized to show no emotion, says, Subject has passed Level One. Level Two will initiate in 5. .. 4 3.. . 2 1. I look at the darkness that the blocks fell from in horror, hoping that the voice is wrong. But no, nothing works for me in this world. A block falls, and I repeat the entire process again. I pray and hope for the voice to say that I passed, that its done. Im exhausted, running and Jumping everywhere.The voice, know of voice of pure evil to my ears, says, Subject has passed Level Two. Level Three will initiate in 5 4 3 2. .. 1. I curse underneath my breath. Soon, with my breath haggard and barely being able to stand, I see a ladder on the side of the wall. It was definitely not there earlier. But I accept it gratefully. I climb up and find myself in another room. Again This room is slightly different. Its still cubical, but its split in half. One side is Jade, the other obsidian. The obsidian side has a black portal, the same one that I came from, the same one from which all this started.The Jade side has the same portal, black and all. But in the middle, dead center, is a white portal. I really didnt like my experience with the dark portal, so I close my eyes and step into the portal of light. The moment I enter, I feel refreshed. I start to walk, but the very same tentacles that attacked me earlier, only white this time, grab me, wrapping around tighter than before. I struggle, and the whiteness becomes blackness. Im in the very same looking portal. The tentacles push me forward. I see two exits. One of light and one of darkness. They move toward the darkness.I struggle, and try to escape, but dont get very far. They curl tightly around me, squeezing the life out of me. The move backwards for momentum, then Jerk forward, throwing me through the inky I find myself in a stony looking room chained to the wall. I see a door in front of me. The chains pinch into my skin, burning my wrists and ankles. I wish they would go away. And they do. They suddenly disintegrate into black gas, drifting away in the wind. I go to the door, expecting it to be locked, but it isnt, as always. I step through and find myself in a room made of marble.I see a round table, in the dead center of the room. Standing on the table is a stone statue, made of obsidian with green veins flowing through it. I squint to get a better view, and see that the green veins looks like liquid Jade (if it exists) flowing through the weird statue. Two hooded figures discuss in voices to quiet for me to hear next to the table. As I step closer, one of the hooded figures turn toward me. He straightens and begins to pull his hood off. I step closer, trying to get a closer look. His face enters my vision, and suddenly Im on the ground, blackness everywhere.

Macbeth Essay free essay sample

In William Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’- Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are presented as flawed characters in challenging environments. In order to fully appreciate the nature of the challenging environment and what about it a character finds challenging, two questions must be posed: Is the character’s internal flaw a result of a problematic environment, or is what inhibits appropriate behaviour inherent-and what makes the environment challenging a result of this quality. Macbeth is a character in a challenging environment who appears to be very flawed, and my first belief is that it was the environment that caused this character to become flawed. When the audience is first introduced to Macbeth in this text, he is described by The Sergeant and King Duncan as ‘brave’, a ‘valour minion’ and a ‘Valiant cousin and worthy gentleman’, so from the audience’s point of view Macbeth is a humble warrior, a virtuous man and a flawless being. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When Macbeth meets the witches, the audience can almost sense a change in his character, and discover that the Witches (the challenging environment) cause Macbeth to be easily manipulated and he becomes driven by greed because of their prophecy, he becomes willing to murder. If Macbeth hadn’t been placed in this problematic situation then he probably would not be seen as flawed, since his character would not have known what his future may have had in store for him. So it seems that Macbeth’s internal flaws were a result of a challenging environment. As the story unravels, the environment becomes more challenging as the characters are faced with more problems and as a result the characters become increasingly flawed. The flaws seem to be created from the environment. Before Macbeth kills Duncan, he contemplates whether he should do the deed or not, and as he is making a decision he speaks to Lady Macbeth, saying ‘We will proceed no further in this business: He hath honourd me of late; and I have bought Golden opinions from all sorts of people, Which would be worn now in their newest gloss, Not cast aside so soon. The fact that he cares about betraying people’s trust and living up to their expectations gives the audience the idea that Macbeth still has some good left in him, since a completely flawed person would not see any wrong in killing for their own benefit, and would not struggle with the decision as Macbeth does. After Macbeth has killed Duncan, the environment gets more challenging to the characters, resultin g in them becoming even more flawed. The audience can sense another change in Macbeth after he kills Duncan, so they see that the environment changing (Duncan’s death) causes a character change (Macbeth goes crazy). So to the audience it is apparent that if Macbeth hadn’t been put in these situations, he would not be flawed. Although I accept that Macbeth’s flaws could have been created by the challenging environment, there is also evidence to suggest that he was flawed prior to him finding the environment challenging, suggesting that the challenging environment is a direct result of his character flaw. The reason the audience might believe Macbeth was flawed prior to the challenging events is because he responds to the events so badly, he seemed easily persuaded and gullible. He was also easily emasculated by Lady Macbeth; some people might see this as a flaw. Also, being Thane of Cawdor you would assume that he could deal with power and would be a noble person, but as soon as more power and fortune was offered to him his greed over took his logical reasoning and he responded badly. After the witches had spoken their prophecy, Macbeth seemed to be mesmerised by their words, and he wanted them to stay and speak more: â€Å"Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me more: . Say from whence You owe this strange intelligence? Or why Upon this blasted heath you stop our way With such prophetic greeting? Speak, I charge you. † Macbeth seemed to be very intrigued by the witches and genuinely seemed to believe what they were saying, so his saneness needs to be questioned if he was so keen to believe them. So to the audience it is also apparent that Macbeth was flawed prior to the environment becoming challenging. Another character with obvious flaws in ‘Macbeth’ is Macbeths wife, Lady Macbeth, though we only see Lady Macbeth once after the environment had seemed to become challenging. Since contrast is not provided, we can assume that she was flawed prior to her finding the environment challenging. It’s an assumption the audience made based on their first impression. We assume she was inherently flawed prior to the environment becoming challenging because she reacts so violently straight away; as soon as she receives the letter from Macbeth stating the Witches’ Prophecy, she makes plans to assist Macbeth in murdering the king, and orders spirits to take her womanhood away from her: â€Å"Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty! This makes Lady Macbeth seem inherently flawed to the audience, as she also responded badly to the challenging environment. It is interesting to note that she is responsible for all the challenging environments in the play. She instigated the murder and everything became challenging as a result of this. It is because of her that things bec ome challenging. There is no counter argument towards the previous paragraph because we have no contrast to how she acted before the environment became challenging, however there is evidence to suggest that she is the reason that the environment became challenging. It was Lady Macbeth who convinced Macbeth to murder King Duncan, and because of this both she and her husband’s sanity were corrupted, and the problematic situations carry on from here. If she had not had instigated the murder, then Macbeth might not have decided to kill the king, and all of the problems could have been avoided, for example, the king would have lived, his sons would have stayed and Macbeth would not have gone crazy and many people’s lives would have been saved. So it is safe to say that Lady Macbeth was the reason for most of the challenging environments. In conclusion, I strongly agree with the statement that â€Å"Macbeth† by William Shakespeare presents flawed characters in challenging environments, and I think that there are two possible ways this statement can be viewed, and both ways still agree with the statement. Macbeth was previously flawed, but the environments were also very challenging and hard to respond to. Lady Macbeth was also definitely a flawed character and she caused the environment to become challenging. The flawed characters and the challenging environments create a story and cause each other to be seen as flawed and challenging.

I will be first writing about all the factors that prevent heat loss Essay Example

I will be first writing about all the factors that prevent heat loss Essay Example I will be first writing about all the factors that prevent heat loss Essay I will be first writing about all the factors that prevent heat loss Essay There are various factors, which affect the rate of heat loss in penguins. These include:. Feathers: They have a thick layer of insulating feathers, which are waterproof designed to keep them warm in water. So they can keep their body temperature while in the water, this is because heat is lost more rapidly in water then in air.. Body mass (blubber): Penguins have a thick layer of blubber under their skin, which stops the cold leading to he organs. This helps them from the extreme cold.. Flippers: They hold their flippers out from their bodies and pump hot blood to them so that they can act as radiators.. Circulatory system: This allows the main organs to be warm.. Blood vessels: Penguins have specially adapted vessels in their feet to help them cope with standing on cold ice. The blood vessels supply just enough heat to prevent the penguins freezing to the ice. The blood vessels carries warm blood to the feet, which are intertwined with those carrying the cold blood back from the fe et.. Huddles: Penguins intend to huddle each other when the temperature is low, this is to keep them warm, reducing heat loss.I f each of these factors changed they will have the following effect on the rate of heat loss:. Feathers: If penguins did not have feathers it would be hard for them to swim under water. Penguins spend 75% of their lives in water so it is basically a place where they need to be. If they do not have the waterproof feather coating, heat will be lost rapidly in water. Body mass (blubber): If penguins did not have their body mass to keep them warm then the cold would lead to the organs and their body temperature would drop. Therefor rate of heat loss will increase.. Flippers: If penguins did not have flippers then they would not be warm inside of their bodies. The blood vessels will probably freeze.. Circulatory system: If penguins did not have their circulatory system to keep them warm, then their organs will be lower then there average body temperature.Method: In this experiment I am going to find out whether huddling reduces heat loss in penguins. Test tubes were used instead of penguins.I boiled water and poured approximately 50ml in to each test tube. I took the temperature on the test tube placed in the middle of all the test tubes. I then timed how much heat was lost in 5 minutes. I repeated this experiment 5 times, each time I increased the number of test tubes:. 1 test tube. 3 test tubes. 6 test tubes. 8 test tubes. 10 test tubesMeasurements:In order to carry out this experiment I used the followings:. Stop clock, to measure the time.. Thermometer, to measure the temperature of the water in the middle test tube.. Test tube, to hold the water.. Measuring bowl was used to pour the same amount of water into the test tube.Fair test:For my fair test I had to start at 0 seconds and finish at 5:00 minutes, this is because I needed the time to be exactly right, otherwise the temperature readings would be wrong.I also needed the amount of w ater to be approximately 50ml. This is because the measures of the heat loss would not be accurate.In addition the same stop clock and thermometer were used for consistency.Safety:To ensure safety I wore goggles through out the experiment. In addition hot water was handled with care through out the experiment.Prediction:I predict that the more test tubes (penguins) are huddled together the less the heat is loss. Which means that the penguins are kept warmer for longer.EXPERIMENT1)First we measured one test tube (penguin) on its own, and checked how long it takes for heat to transfer out. I took the time, which was 5 minutes. Then took the temperature.FAIR TESTTime start: 0:00Finish time: 5:00 Approx. of water: 50ml2)Then we tried it with three tubes (penguins), but only taking the temperature of the test tube labelled X, which was in the middle. We checked how long it took for the heat to transfer out.FAIR TESTTime start: 0:00Finish time: 5:00Approx. of water: 503) Then we tried it with 6 test tubes (penguins), but only took the temperature of the test tube measured X, which was in the middle. We checked how long it took for heat to transfer out of the test tubes.FAIR TESTTime start: 0:00Finish time: 5:00Approx. of water: 50ml4) Then we tried it with 8 test tubes (penguins), but only took the temperature of the test tube marked X, which was in the middle. We checked how long it took for heat to transfer out of the test tubes.FAIR TESTTime start: 0:00Time Finish: 5:00Approx. of water: 50ml5) Finally, we tried it with 10 test tubes (penguins) but only took the temperature of the test tube marked X, which was in the middle. We checked how long it took for heat to transfer out of the test tubes.FAIR TESTTime start: 0:00Time finish: 5:00Approx. of water: 50mlANAYSISThe results are shown on the table below:For better visualisation the results are transferred in to a line graph, (with line of best fit and gradient)Line graph:EVALUATIONFor my evaluation I found out th at my prediction was supported and the more test tubes (penguins) were used the less heat was lost, so they kept warmer if more penguins were huddled.I found out that penguins intend to huddle each other when the temperature is low, to keep them warm, reducing heat loss.I have realised that some of the things I did may off affect my results. For example the amount of water I put in each test tube. I was using approximately 50ml. This might off affected the amount of heat, which was lost in the test tubes. To improve next time I will use exactly 50ml.For the experiment to be right we need to have a fair test, and in order to have a fair test we need some things in the experiment to be fair. For example we need the temperature in the beginning to be constant and the amount of water put in the test tubes. Also the same stop clock and thermometer. We the stop lock to begin at 0.00 and end after 5 minutes.However, in the experiment because of lack of time I was unable to carry the out al l five experiments in one lesson. This may have interfered with the results.

History Day - Primary and Secondary Sources

History Day - Primary and Secondary Sources When studying and learning about history, we must always be questioning the quality of our sources. Who wrote this?How do they know the information they are telling me?When did they write it?Why did they write it?Who did they write it for? These are good questions to ask yourself about every book you read. We should never believe everything we read; you should question everything. Is it inherently impossible for an author to leave out some sort of bias. It is your responsibility to determine their bias and to reflect on how it affected their work. Now Im sure youre wondering why Ive told you all this before I explain the differences between primary and secondary sources. I promise, there is a reason. For every source you use, you will need to think of the questions above to determine which category they fit into - primary or secondary - and how much you can trust what they say. Primary Sources Primary sources are informational sources from the time of the event. Examples of primary sources: AutobiographiesDiariesDocumentsEyewitness accountsFilm footageLawsLettersNewspaper articlesNovelsObjects from the timeOral historiesPhotographsPoems, art, musicSpeeches Secondary Sources Secondary sources are informational sources that analyze the event. These sources often use several primary sources and compile the information. Examples of secondary sources: BiographiesEncyclopediasHistory booksTextbooks More Hints, Help, and Informational Tidbits Overview of History DayDo you have a good topic?How do you make an annotated bibliography?

Formalist and Expressionist Concepts of Art Essay

Formalist and Expressionist Concepts of Art - Essay Example Clive Bell argues this point by stating that â€Å"to appreciate a work of art we need bring with us nothing from life, no knowledge of its ideas and affairs, no familiarity with its emotions† (cited in Warburton 10) This contention accurately depicts the â€Å"art for art’s sake† attitude taken by many artists and art critics subscribing to more formalist frameworks, which eschew the importance of representation and context in art production and art appreciation but judge the value of an art on its coherence, composition, and masterful use of forms.  The influence of formalism on artists and their work is particularly evident in the paintings of the old masters. Caravaggio’s fourteenth-century masterpiece â€Å"Bacchus,† for instance, which shows the ancient diety as a drunken young man in a reclining pose, is interesting in the formalist sense not because of the artists’ impressive ability for representation but for the manner by which th e painting itself draws attention to the contours and shapes of the human body, as well as the contribution of the colors used by Caravaggio to lend warmth, depth, and meaning to his work. In the painting, Caravaggio uses the traditional techniques of portraiture to present to present a well-composed, balanced picture of Bacchus trying to cover his naked torso with drapery while offering a goblet of wine either to the painter or to the painting’s viewers. This is achieved through the use of a color pallete dominated by muted red and green hues that direct the viewer’s attention to Bacchus’ face .... The influence of formalism on artists and their work is particularly evident in the paintings of the old masters. Caravaggio's fourteenth-century masterpiece "Bacchus," for instance, which shows the ancient diety as a drunken young man in a reclining pose, is interesting in the formalist sense not because of the artists' impressive ability for representation but for the manner by which the painting itself draws attention to the contours and shapes of the human body, as well as the contribution of the colors used by Caravaggio to lend warmth, depth, and meaning to his work. In the painting, Caravaggio uses the traditional techniques of portraiture to present to present a well-composed, balanced picture of Bacchus trying to cover his naked torso with drapery while offering a goblet of wine either to the painter or to the painting's viewers. This is achieved through the use of a color pallete dominated by muted red and green hues that direct the viewer's attention to Bacchus' face and t hen leads it to the hand offering the goblet. Likewise, Caravaggio uses mostly rounded shapes and contours that heighten the sense of organic, flowing quality of Bacchus' body, the wine, and the drapery. Caravaggio also creates depth by utilizing color techniques to create a sense of space within the painting using contrasts between light and dark colors. It is through the use of these elements that Caravaggio's picture of Bacchus becomes a thing of value in the formalist sense, since it is through the interaction between the forms in the painting that the artists' rendering of the deity evokes aesthetic feelings in the viewer. On the other

Giant Snakes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Giant Snakes - Essay Example Boa belongs to Squamata order and Boidae family. Boa is found in Madagascar, Papua and the Pacific islands. The remarkable feature of this giant snake is its color. "Boa constrictors are pinkish or tan in color, with dark crossbands. They range in length is from 20 inches (50 cm) as neonates to 13 feet (3.9 m) as adults" (Boa 2007). The most colorful snakes are found in Amazon basin. The female are larger than male species. Pythons belong to Pythoninae subfamily, Boidae family. Pythons can be found in the tropics of Africa, Asia, and Australia. Similar to boas their females are larger than males (Mattison 87). The movement of both giant snakes looks magical. Though they have no legs, snakes can move fast and quite efficiently in all sorts of situations. Their long backbones comprise of between 100 and 400 vertebrae and, with a very special arrangement of muscles, they can adopt several efficient modes of locomotion and, furthermore, can switch virtually instantaneously from one to another. During this elegant side-to-side undulation, each part of the body passes across the same spot on the surface. There is also the concertina-type movement consisting of anchoring one part of the body on the substratum while the rest of it is either pulled or pushed along, clearly an efficient strategy when moving through narrow tunnels. Boas and pythons use the side-winding motion on moderately rugged surfaces, including unstable sand dunes. Pythons "coil themselves around their prey and with each breathe the creature takes the snake will squeeze a little tighter until they stop breathing completely" (Py thons 2007). Diet and Reproducing Pythons and boas can survive without food during a year. "Boa feeds on large lizards, small or moderate-sized birds, opossums, bats, mongooses, rats, and squirrels. It is a nocturnal hunter and uses its heat-sensitive scales to locate its prey" (Boa 2007). The main difference between boa and python is that pythons lay eggs while boas produce living boas. The female Python protects her eggs by coiling round them, and at this time her temperature rises several degrees, probably to promote hatching. Body Temperature and Vision Their body temperature depends on the environment, so they are said to be ectothermic. They regulate their body temperature by exploiting various behavioral attitudes such as warming themselves in the sun. Boas and pythons even seek warmth at night and, in tropical regions, they often rest on tracks which have accumulated heat during the day. In excessive heat, as in some deserts, they cool themselves by burrowing into the sand, leaving their eyes just above the ground (Mattison 2007). They are also able to adjust their body temperature by living nocturnally or diurnally or, in cold conditions, by hibernating in deep holes. Boas and pythons have classical senses: sight, smell, touch, probably taste (as suggested by the presence of taste buds in some snakes but not demonstrated in all) and hearing. With no movable eyelids, protection for their eyes is provided by a fixed transparent shield which is shed together with the whole skin during sloughing. Though vision in

If I Were to Wake Up as the Other Gender Essay Example for Free

If I Were to Wake Up as the Other Gender Essay Tomorrow, things would be different if I woke up as a boy. I would jump into the shower, but instead of the usual 20 minutes, it would only take me half the time to finish. I would be amazed about how much faster I could dress. It would also take me half the time to get ready since I do not have to dry my formerly long beautiful hair; now, I could just run a comb through my short hair. When I see myself in the mirror, my first reaction probably would be, â€Å"Holy Cow, I am so hairy!† Although I would be transformed into a male, I would still need to maintain my appearance. This means I would pluck my eyebrows, especially my unibrow, shave if I needed to, and make sure my face is fully moisturized. Shaving might consume the most time since I would have so much hair. When I finish washing up, I would need to get dressed for school. This would be a challenge since I do not have any male clothes, except some baggy shirts that I wear to sleep. I would need to wear one of them and find pants that would fit me. I would notice how my feet have grown and would need to borrow my roommate’s shoes. He always leaves them at the door so I would not bother him. He would freak out if he finds a male in his apartment. I would need to sneak out before he woke up. I would not care about what I wear because it would not be important. I would grab all my belongings for school. I would normally be nervous and anxious, but on the drive to school, I would be extremely excited to see what my day would entail. Also, I would be afraid of what my best friend would think about this situation. She would most likely scream out since she was used to me being a female. I would arrive at school and see my friend at our usual spot. I would go up to her and she would probably jump up and down thinking I was insane. I would calm her down and explain to her what happened. We would not gossip because my friend would still be trying to grasp the concept, and being a male, it would be hard to talk a lot. I would think back to when I talked about boys as a female, now I realized the roles have been changed. My friend would hopefully accept who I was. The next hard challenge would be how my professors react when they realize a new person is in their class. My first class would come along and I would sit through it without my professor noticing me as a male. I’m usually a talkative person, but this time around I would stay quiet. Because my female body would be absent, some of the students might ask if I was sick, because I had never missed a class. I would try hard not to laugh. I would stay quiet the whole day since I would not want to be suspicious or act differently from my female self. When lunch came around, I would be so hungry that I would drive to McDonalds and order ten piece chicken nuggets, a 24 oz coke, large fries, and two cheeseburgers. I always knew that men had an appetite. I would not be afraid to eat all of the food since I knew men also have a high metabolism. I would take advantage of my new transformation. After school, I would rush to the gym to show off how muscular my arms are and play some basketball with some boys at the gym. I would be so much faster and have much more strength than I ever had. There are definitely some advantages and disadvantages of being a male versus a female. Being a boy would be much easier, but overall, I would not change who I am, and I like my female gender better than if I was to transform.

Business Development Policy of the Post-Socialist States of Central and

Business Development Policy of the Post-Socialist States of Central and Eastern Europe DISSERTATION PROPOSAL 1. Title of Dissertation: Small & Medium Business Development Policy of the Post-Socialist States of Central and Eastern Europe in their Transition to an Open Market Economy: Lessons and Applications for Cuba. 2. Aim of Dissertation & Motivation for Research: The objective of this dissertation is to study the small and medium business policies developed in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) as a result of their transition to an open market economy. The experience gained from the extraordinary process of transition, still under way in CEE and in the former Soviet Union (FSU), is rich with lessons that could guide policy making and action in a Cuba of the future. This dissertation attempts to distill some of these lessons and to explore those, which would facilitate the growth of small and medium size enterprises, the so-called SMEs, when transition finally unfolds in the island. Many years after the initiation of transition in the former command economies of CEE and the FSU, one thing is certain: the process of transformation is far more complex and it takes far more time and resources than envisioned in 1989. The reason is that transition involves changing institutions, practices, and behaviors that have taken root in society during decades of centralized control and political repression. Another certainty is that it is possible to transform economic and political systems radically and end up with market economies and political democracies. Many years after the Berlin Wall fell; most production in countries in transition originates in the private sector and is transacted under free market conditions. In addition, most of the people live under democratic rule, where the people can vote governments out of office and have done so. The decision to change came about at different times in different countries in the region. In fact, Hungary, Poland, and Yugoslavia had already started some reforms by the late 1980s, before the destruction of the Wall. In 1990, COMECON, the Soviet dominated free trade area, was dissolved as members decided to start trading in hard currency and at world market prices. The disappearance of the Soviet Union, where Gorbachev had started a re-structuring program under socialism, witnessed in 1992 the start of transiti... ...Achievements in Transition Economies, 1989-1999,† London School of Economics, Centre for Economic Performance Discussion Paper No. 475. Lavigne, M. (1991). The Economics of Transition (New York: St. Martin’s Press). Lipton, D., and Sachs, J. (1990). â€Å"Creating a Market Economy in Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland,† Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 1990, No. 1, pp. 75-133. Poirot, C. (1996). â€Å"Macroeconomic Policy in a Transitional Environment: Romania, 1989-1994,† Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 1057-75. Przeworski, A. (1991). Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Roland, G. (1994). â€Å"The Role of Political Constraints in Transition Strategies,† The Economics of Transition, Vol. 2, No.1, pp. 27-41. Sachs, J. (1992). â€Å"The Economic Transformation of Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland,† The American Economist, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 3-11. Shleifer, A. (1997). â€Å"Government in Transition,† European Economic Review, Vol. 41, No. 3-5, pp. 385-410. UN Statistics Division Social Indicators, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/social/default

Changing places

Change of places can be for a good or bad reason, but in my case was for the best for our family. Most couples, when thinking about divorcing are worried about their children, because everyone knows that divorce have some effects in children's. In my opinion divorce is about loss and change. When my parents divorced it was hard for my younger brother and l. But was a change for the best of everyone. We moved to Hidalgo. Around this change of place, as result of my parents' divorce, everything has changed, a new place to live, a new school and we had to grow up emotionally faster.My life as many peoples had good and difficult times, but I have learned about life struggles. I was sixteen years old when my parents divorced. One night, my brother was in his room, and I was in the kitchen. Our parents told us to come and sit down in the living room. They had to told us something. We all were sit in the room, my Mom said † your Dad and I â€Å", my Dad interrupted her, † are g etting divorce†. We were in shock. The next day my Mom told me that we had to move. She decided to come here, because we can get a better education here.We came like three times in a onto for shopping, and, to visit my aunts. But it was not the same. We had lived all of our lives in Mexico, so it was a huge change for us. At the time, when we came from Mexico, we were a little family: my Mom, my little Brother and l. It was hard because we did not have a stable place to live, we stayed with our aunt while my Mom found a place to live. Every day my Mom was out looking for an apartment or house to rent. This experience was completely new for us, we had our own house In Mexico, but my parents decided to sale the house, when they divorced.After a peoples of months; finally, my Mom found an apartment of two rooms. The first couple of months were the most difficult for us. We got in a new school, without knowing English. My brother and l, took SSL classes to help us to master the la nguage. Every day when I came back from school to our new apartment which had no furniture. At that time It was only my Mom working to pay the bills without any help from my Dad, so we did not had too much In our little apartment , only the basics. As many teenagers we wanted everything. My brother was fourteen years old, so he cannot work at the time.I was sixteen years, so I decided to look for a Job to be able to buy my personal stuffs; I got a Job in an import and export agency as secretary. After six months, my little family was more stable in all terms, but my Mom got some eye problems, so she was obligated stop working. As the oldest in my little family I had to change my part time Job for a full time Job to support them, at this point, when I changed the house obligations with my Mom, I stopped to see my family that little. My Mom said â€Å"sorry for give you this responsibility at this age† I felt myself onto a tornado, this experience was totally new.I learned to n ever give up at any change. I had to grow up more quickly, be mature to distinguish the good from the bad. Sometimes, I felt sad, because I want to party with my friends from school, but I had to work a full time Job on weekends, pay bills, drive my Mom to her appointments not give up in his studies. After all, in my Junior year I noticed that if I had finish with my credits I will have the chance to leave early instead of pm in my senior year, it was like a little motivation for me to get better in school and never give up, as my mom said † hard work always pays off'.Finally, I went to my senior year, I did all my credits, so I change my schedule to have more time. I get experience in import/export and brokers in my first Job, so I applied in a new agency as broker consultant, I get the Job and a raise too. Through, this years was a lot of stress for me have two Jobs, school and the responsibility of support my little family, at the time I was too busy thinking about my new r esponsibilities that I did not remember about my parents' divorce and the change of place. I accepted the changes.And now I had done with my high school, and still in college with new opportunities to face. Around this change I had to work for my family and my goals, everything was new, no body say, it was easy changing places, but my family did it. We changed of place for a better life, not for the reason we wanted but no matter if are good or bad the reason, the importance is to pick the good from the bad. Instead, I am an independent women, and I am making my Mom proud of me. From this change I realized that no matter how bad something seems you will always like the results at the end.

Bhakti Yoga

There are four goals in the traditional Hinduism. These four goals cover life viewed as good and life seen as bad. Three of these goals appeal to the positive things in life, such as, Dharma or righteousness, Artha or achievement, and Kama or gratification. The fourth goal which is the Moksha or liberation is aimed at the negative things. The three affirmation goals can all be sought at the same time or one at a time, as each may be appropriate at certain periods in one’s life. Hinduism prescribes four paths towards the Divine destiny.These paths may lead to a good life, oneness with the divine, liberation from life, or the fulfillment of any or all of the four goals. The paths are called Yoga. Yoga is a set of disciplines that must be carried out by followers who wished to take these paths. Yoga is like a yoke or a load around the neck or shoulders which is heavy but necessary to reach the destiny or the realization of goals. The different paths or yoga are, Inana or the way towards the ultimate knowledge, Bhakti or the path to loving or devotion to God, Karma or the way to undo the reaction to deeds in life, and the Raja or the royal path to meditation.The Inana, Bhakti and Karma are contained in Bhagavad-Gita while Raja is in Yoga Sutra. Both the Bhagavad-Gita and the Yoga Sutra are spiritual teachings that help explain the divine world. The Bhakti Yoga is the path to the immaculate devotion to and absolute loving of God. In Sanskrit it means the overpowering, generous and joyful love for God. The follower is focused on God by expressions of love and actions of worship. The devotion is strong and faithful like a lover to the beloved, a parent to his child.The Bhakti-Rasamrita-Sindhu of Rupa Gosvami enumerates the nine forms of the path, which are: chant, praise, reflection, service, prayers, preaching, relationship, and surrender. Keeping them all or even one is enough for a devotee to experience the love of God. The objective of this love and devotio n is to get close to God. Depending on their attitudes, Bhakti is taken differently by its followers. For some, it is the initial step leading to Inana. On the contrary, others believe it to be higher than Inana.Others think all of them are equal. Bhagavad Gita is considered the pillar as well as the foundation of Hindu Bhakti theism particularly in Vaishnavism. It has a long list of religious and philosophical affiliations but is partial to Krishna devotees. According to Krishna love, pure intention and utmost devotion is the most powerful driving force in the spiritual life of a devotee. Most Bhakti movements worship only one God, Vishnu or Shiva. They came after the three Vedanta systems were put in place.These Bhakti movements reinvigorated Hinduism because they filled in the emotional and philosophical void of India. The intensity of expression of Bharatanatyam had the most influence in the great changes in Hindu prayers and rituals since the time of Adi Shankaracharya. There h ad been other noted contributions of Bhakti movements in Indian history. Their schools of Philosophy have changed the beliefs of people. Bhakti taught the people to channel their emotions to the direction of God in the process of self-actualization.The Hindus from the orthodox Brahaminical systems denounced the caste system. Bhakti’s call for tolerance and love were not listened to by those deeply-rooted in the caste structure of society. Bhakti was responsible for the mass production of devotional materials in literature, art, music and dance that has enriched the culture not only of India but also of the entire world. This gave spiritual renewal by giving up insignificant rituals and social demarcation, to India References SanatanSociety. org (2008). Bhakti Yoga. Retrieved June 14, 2008 fromhttp://www. sanatansociety. org/yoga_and_meditation/bhakti_yoga. htm ISKCON Educational Services (2004). The Heart of Hinduism. Introduction to the Four Main Parts. Retrived June 14, 200 8 from http://hinduism. iskcon. com/practice/index. htm Hinduism: Living the Religious Life. Retrieved June 14, 2008 from http://uwacadweb. uwyo. edu/Religionet/er/hinduism/HRLIFE. HTM The Yoga Centre Glasgow (2007). Bhakti Yoga. Yogi Nirmalendu. Kundalini Shakti Page. Retrieved June 14, 2008 from http://www. yoginirmalendu. com/Types_Of_Yoga/Bhakti_Yoga/Bhakti_Yoga. html

California Gold Rush essays

California Gold Rush essays It lasted just a decade, but the California gold rush was a gigantic adventure for a generation of fragile young men, most of them citizens of a fragile young nation. They took their name ~ the forty-niners ~ from the year that the gold rush began. In 1849 the East was dazzled by the news that across the continent, on land that was just given to the U.S. by Mexico, golden nuggets were lying around loose on the ground. Abandoning farms and apprenticeships, deserting their families, the forty-niners swarmed West by the thousands. In California, they heard that a man could make a fortune by simply digging in hills with just a little more equipment than a shovel, a tin pan and a wooden, box like thing called a cradle. If the man did not get rich from digging, who cared? For most of the forty-niners the adventure alone was enough treasure to last a lifetime.1 The gold rush all started in 1848 when James W. Marshall found gold nuggets at Sutters Mill. He rushed down to the nearest town and yelled that he had found gold. People from the near shanty towns rushed to El Derado to claim their fortune from Sutters Mill. By 1949, President Polk released this information to the rest of the country. People from all over the continent came to California in search for money. Most of the people that came to California for gold did not get what they were looking for. Most of the Argonauts (forty-niners) died on the way to California. It was a long hard journey to California. Many people left their own family on the Oregon Trail to go get their fortune from California. This caused many wives and their children to die. A typical day for the forty-niners was not very fun. There was a lot of work and people would fight a lot for other peoples tools. A lot of people would get killed that had gold with them. The people would then get their gold stolen. In the next few years people from Europe, Asia, and S...

Is the Death Penalty Justified

Is the Death Penalty Justified Death Penalty Essay Death penalty debate often becomes a topic for an argumentative essay. Students are asked to make arguments for the death penalty and arguments against the death penalty. The capital punishment essay example below is a kind of opinion essay for legal discussions. If you need another topic  for discussing in your argumentative essay here is a great list: Argumentative Essay Topics   The Death Penalty is the Code of Judgment Want to divide a room fairly quickly? Get a conversation going about justifying the death penalty. That will scatter folks, absolutely. Plus, everyone will feel differently about the issue. Some will hold some deeply rooted convictions about the topic: Should a person be sentenced to death because they deliberately killed another person? Isn’t God their ultimate judge, and because of this, shouldn’t they get a free pass in this life because they are judged in the next? Is killing a murderer – via gas chamber, electric chair, lethal injection – committing the same exactly crime the murderer did? There are many questions to ask when giving this heavily debated topic a good thinking. First, one has to accept that there are some pretty evil people in the world who want to take the lives of others, to play God, ultimately; then there are accidental killings; and lastly, one has to consider that we all have the potential to kill another human being if pushed ove r the edge of reason. Nonetheless, in this instance, a justification for the death penalty shall be provided. The Death Penalty is Justified When a Murder Was Done out of Cold Blood For one, the death penalty is justified when a murder was done out of cold blood when it was premeditated. Of course, this is not when a person accidentally kills another person – wrestling around when the wrong move is made or someone goes too far, for example; or a car crashing into another on late night. Those are different. A murder in cold blood is when a person deliberately wishes for, plans and executes a murder. Regardless of why the murder is done, or how many people the person killed, even if to avenge another’s murder or wrongdoing, it is still murder – a deliberate ending of another person’s life on this earth – and murderers should be killed themselves. They must pay for their wrongdoing, and this is one case of how the death penalty is justified. Secondly, the death penalty is justified because of the prevention factor: When a vicious murderer is given the death penalty, they cannot be left out in society to do it again. This is done for a great reason. This justifies the death penalty for sure. Now there is always the possibility that the killing is righteous – maybe the man who savagely raped, beat and killed an innocent woman should be killed – and the person who killed the rapist is innocent to a degree, but all of this is subjective thinking, and emotions should not influence rationalization. We can refer to Hammurabi’s Code – â€Å"eye-for-an-eye† – to justify this reciprocity: that the state should put to death a murderer. Make no doubt about it: this is one more way that illustrates how the death penalty is indeed justified. Dead Murderer Cannot Kill Again Lastly, what if the atheists are right? What if there is no God? No judgment in the afterlife? We can never know for sure of an afterlife. Now is all we can ever know for sure. This mentality justifies the death penalty because it means there is a chance this murderer could go on in the universe never having to pay for what they had done – when they took a person’s life and played God for just a few seconds. One can speculate that if the everyday person kills another, even intentionally, that person will live for the rest of their years with immense regret, guilt, and paranoia. The mental anguish would be a harsh enough punishment itself. Ah, but many killers are psychopaths, they lack empathy and conscience – so they may not think they are doing wrong. Therefore they should be wiped out of this world. They deserve the death penalty. The death penalty is most justified here – a sick, deranged person should be taken out of this world. There may be no judge in the afterlife, no God; therefore, the evil of this world shall be judged on earth, and evil shall die. Let’s conclude this heavy argument by apologizing to the reader: this is a tough topic to discuss – everyone’s got a different viewpoint on it – and it’s easy to offend a person. If any offense was taken, the writer offers their apologies. The truth is, there is no right answer. The student can relate to Christian (God is my judge) and Buddhist (people attract suffering) ideologies, and to Hammurabi’s Code (eye for an eye), to approach this issue objectively. Which is correct? What is inhumane and what’s wrong? How do you tell? Need a death penalty essay? Our writers are experienced in writing different death penalty argumentative essays. The most popular topics are: Why the Death Penalty Wrong? and Should the Death Penalty Be Allowed? If you need an essay on these or other death penalty essay topics, place an order.

Assigment leaderships week 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assigment leaderships week 3 - Assignment Example ies of APN leaders can be broadly categorized into scientific foundation, quality practice, leadership, practice inquiry, policy, literacy in technology and information, ethics, health delivery and independent practice. The technical changes in the health care domain have resulted into various shifting in the substantial portion of care. These shifts are normally from single handed health care systems to the home environments where patients and their care partners are responsible for care previously ordained by the nurses in their acute care settings. Competencies necessary for the advanced practice Nursing (APN) role development are adversely dependent on the nursing registration. Through an advanced registration of nurses, each and every individual nurse will be ethically stable and liable to any nursing practice consequences arising as a result of unreasonable competencies. Nursing field is a very noble field of professionalism hence it should be guided to the later by the codes of conducts regarding competencies necessarily required in this field of professionalism. This research paper explains the competencies necessary for Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) role development. An advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) is a post-graduate education nurse. APRN’s are well-enlightened with advanced clinical and didactic education, skills, knowledge and clinical nursing scope practices at large. APRN basically defines a nursing practice level that utilizes the expanded and extended nursing skills, knowledge and experience in planning, assessment, diagnosis, implementation and overall evaluation skills in the care required. Nurses practicing at this noble level are distinctively educationally prepared at the post-graduate level and may unconditionally work in either generalist or specialist capacity. Nonetheless, the basis of advanced practice is linked to higher knowledgeable extents (NONPF 2011). The APRN skills and experience must be ethically applied within the

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Education - Essay Example A child going to a wealthy, comparatively safe suburban school will receive an infinitely better education than one unlucky enough to be attending a poor inner-city school. The best and most experienced teachers tend to graduate towards the best schools, while inner city schools often have the most inexperienced educators. Together with the lack of resources and often poor teaching skills in low-income schools, there are also discipline problems. While violent incidents at suburban schools such as Columbine High School make headlines, there is a constant stream of violence occurring at many inner-city schools. The appearance of metal detectors, armed police officers patrolling the corridors and a general siege mentality is not conducive to a sound education. If a child is worried about her safety at school it is unlikely for her to learn very much. A cycle of poverty continues as many students in low-income school become parents and those children in turn continue with within the same system. In advanced Western countries, most notably the United States, adolescence is an ill-defined period between the freedoms of childhood and the responsibilities of adulthood. There is a slow development from dependency to independence, and from accepting the views of adults to establishing a personal point of view. (Lindsay, 1983). It must be noted that in the United States adolescence appears to be an invention of the last century. (Raphael, 1988) In most non-Western countries cultures use "puberty rites", which may be loosely termed initiation ceremonies, to formally mark and symbolize the transition from childhood to adulthood. But in Western countries, as they transformed from being agricultural based economies in which children had an important economic function within the family to industrial societies in which education far beyond puberty was necessary, the "adolescent" was born. Simply defined, an adolescent is a person who is going/has gone through puberty, but who has yet to take on the responsibilities of the adult world. An adolescent is, in the eyes of the world, a child trapped inside an adult's body. It is the contradiction between these two roles - adult and child - that has caused many scholars to characterize adolescence as a time of "storm and stress". The psychologist Erik Erikson, whose Childhood and Society (1950) has become something of a standard work on human development, identifies "Eight Stages of Development", of which 'Adolescence' is the sixth stage. Erikson argued that identity versus role confusion is the psychosocial crisis faced by the person at this time, and that the predominant social settings are peer groups and out-groups. The favorable outcome of this crisis and setting is that "the individual develops an ego identity - a coherent sense of self." (Erikson, 1950) This is a very useful model for the teacher to understand, as it covers the main problems and strengths of this age-group. Too much stress on the gloom of the former over the brightness of the latter leads many educators to see the pedagogy of this age-range as merely a matter of avoiding crisis rather than engendering positive development. During adolescence human beings are motivated strongly by the desire to initiate and maintain relationships on a group level. (Juvonen,

NASA Spirit and Oppurtunity Mission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

NASA Spirit and Oppurtunity Mission - Essay Example Their landing came a mere four months after Apollo 11’s first lunar landing.†(nasa.gov) The program went into an extended sortie of robotic explorations of what was originally a short stint of just three months. A chronology of events had described in exciting details its latest day-by-day, year-round movements monitored by ground control in such areas of operations already named and identified as â€Å"Troy† to wit: â€Å"05-January-2010 Toe-In Maneuver Before Drive, 04-February-2010 Improving Northerly Tilt, 09-February-2010 Spirit Parks for the Winter, 22-Jun-2010 Spirit Standing By At Troy, 04-Aug-2010 Spirit in ‘Sweep & Beep† Mode and 12-Aug-2010 ‘Sweep & Beep’ Campaign Continues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (nasa.gov) This latest event involving Opportunity exemplifies the usefulness of the Mars rovers program and the important objectives identified with such move. The extended program that has already made another scientific probe that had sent new information regarding the atmosphere in Mars. â€Å"Images that NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity took at the end of an 81-meter (266-foot) drive on Sept. 16 reveal a dark rock about 31 meters (102) feet away.† (nasa.gov) â€Å"The dark color, rounded texture and the way it is perched on the surface all make it look like an iron meteorite,† said science team member Matt Golombek of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, The third and probably one of the most important exploits of the latest scientific program is the employ of the rovers mission in cloud computing: â€Å"The project team that built and operated the Mars rovers’ Spirit and Opportunity has become the first NASA space mission to use cloud computing for daily mission operations.†(nasa.gov) The importance of â€Å"Opportunity and Spirit† Mars rovers program is giving more hope of increasing our knowledge of the solar system. This idea is not far-fetched with the initiative of the the cloud team at Microsoft Corporation,

Auditor Preliminary Analytical Procedure

Auditor Preliminary Analytical Procedure Auditors are required to prepare the preliminary analytical procedure at the planning as a part of the risk-assessment procedures under ASA 315.6. The definition of preliminary analytical procedure is that comparison of client rations to industry or competitor benchmarks provides an indication of the companys performance. The purpose of preliminary analytical procedure is to obtain understanding of the clients company and industry. (textbook) In common, two major stages, simple comparisons and ration analysis, are used by auditors during analytical procedure; however ration analysis is a better understanding of the entity. Based on the data from question 6.33, the analysis procedure is allocated in two major stages. (textbook) Simple comparisons. Simple comparison is to compare amounts between the 2009 financial statements and 2010 financial statements of Gourmet Pty Ltd. The net profit increases from $56 240 000 in 2009 to $63 562 000 in 2010, the increasing amounts are up to $7 3220 000. The total shareholders equity increases from $141 300 000 in 2009 to $204 862 000 in 2010, the increasing amounts are up to $63 562 000. The performance of company is better from 2009 to 2010 in respect of above data, because company owns a steady and experienced management team; attempts to extend the range of products in order to enhance competition of industry and depends on appropriate strategy to acquire other smaller competitors. The simple comparison is a general analysis, however, auditor need to use ratio analysis in order to obtaining the specific data. Ratio analysis Based on 6.33, following ratios could be calculated for analysis. The current ratio is 0.195 in 2009 and 0.280 in 2010. These two ratios are less than the better benchmark 2, even are lower than positive current ratio 1.5 as well. The quick asset ratio is 0.070 in 2009 and 0.096 in 2010. The gross profit ratio is 0.481 in 2009 and 0.463 in 2010. The net profit ratio is 0.183 in 2009 and 0.193 in 2010. The debt to equity ration is 7.30 (a) The inherent risk is the susceptibility of an account balance, class of transactions or disclosure to material misstatement given inherent and environmental characteristics, but without regard to internal control. (textbook) Based on the background information from 6.33, following factors could impact the inherent risk: A new finance director has joined in the company. The change of important management position would increase inherent risk. At the same time, the new finance director will face pressure to outperform pervious result; the pressure could provide an incentive for him or her to involve the misstatement and fraud of financial report. Also the inherent risk would increase. The company owned 25 outlets of varying sizes and geographic locations, which would increase inherent risk, because it is hard to be controlled by managers of entity. Company has signed contract regarding the construction and development of a restaurant and entertainment complex, which would increase inherent risk due to the lack of expertise about the new market. The company installed a new computer system; the change of information technology may not work as expected or may be unreliable and could affect the accuracy of financial report. Therefore, the inherent risk would be increased. (b)(i) Based on the audit risk model, three components consist of audit risk: inherent risk, control risk and detection risk. The increase of inherent risk will result in that misstatements likely to occur in companys financial report, which would lead to the increase of audit risk as well.(textbook) (c) The level of materiality should be considered as a key point to plan the nature, timing and extent of audit procedure, and the relationship between audit risk and materiality is inverse. (textbook)Therefore, the amount of preliminary materiality level reduced from $5000000 to $3200000 after review of inherent risk, because that the inherent risk is higher than the auditors anticipation. Thus, auditor should increase the extent of audit procedures, selecting a more effective audit procedure and performing audit procedures closer to the balance date, particularly in respect to account is considered importantly by auditors.(text book) 8.34 (a) The objectives of internal auditors are that Internal auditing is an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organisations operations. (Adam Cunningham). The internal auditors scope of work is comprehensive. It serves the organization by helping it accomplish its objectives, and improving operations, risk management, internal controls, and governance processes. (http://www.theiia.org/theiia/about-the-profession/internal-audit-faqs/?i=1086) External auditor is to verify that the annual accounts provide a true and fair picture of the organisations finances; and that the use of funds is in accordance with the aims and objects as outlined in the constitution.   The scope of external auditors (b) External auditor can adopt the information from internal auditor included that: The internal audit function as a part of the internal control, will impact the external auditors assessment of control risk and the scope of audit procedures. The descriptions and other documentation of internal control will contribute the external auditor to gain an understanding of the companys internal control. The direct assistance by internal auditor will help external auditor to make substantive test or tests of controls(textbook) (c) Along with internal auditor involved in assessing the company strategy and identifying the associated risks, which will provide helps for the external auditor regarding to undertake a business risk approach to the audit. In addition, internal auditors should hold adequate skills, knowledge, experience, integrity and objectivity to ensure the effective information for external auditor. (textbook) Based on the information on 8.34, Gourmet Pty Ltd owns an experienced and professional internal auditing team. However, the external auditor should consider carefully for these information, because that the objectives of the internal auditor should be the same as the objectives of the company (David A. Wood).Therefore, external auditor must select information under the requirement of independent audit. (d) The objective 1, objective 2 and objective 4 are related to ensure the effective operation and acquirement of maximal benefit for company, which are not included in control activities. The control activities is that policy and procedures that pertain to performance reviews, information processing, physical controls and segregation of duties. (Textbook) Therefore, the objective 3, objective 5 and objective 6 are related to internal control activities, which are need to be relevant to external auditor. 9.35 (a) The related internal control must be identified effectiveness if auditors plan to rely on this control. Therefore, auditors need to set out tests of control to confirm effectiveness of controls. From this case, the audit partner has decided to use the work of the internal audit group (LAG). One of the work papers from LAG is to examine payments made to creditors throughout the year and determine whether the procedures laid down in the Accounting Manual have been properly followed. On the other word, this paper is related to the tests of control about payment. The result of this test indicates some errors: (i) Payments that were not matched to an approved purchase order, however, all other documentation was attached. The objective of this is to test the occurrence of purchases of inventory transaction. This error implies that related transaction may not occur or the transaction is unauthorised. (ii) Payments that were not made to an approved supplier. The objective of this is to test the occurrence of purchases of inventory transaction. This error implies that related transaction may not occur or the transaction is unauthorised. (iii) Payments that were authorized by a second party, although this was not required. The notes explain that new financial accountant being unaware of firm policy. Although it has been remedied, the related transactions may do not occur or is unauthorised. (iv) Payments that had no supporting documentation attached. The objective of this is to test the occurrence of cash disbursements transactions. This error implies that related transaction may not occur or the transaction is unauthorised or the goods or services may not receive. (v) Payments that did not bear evidence that computation on creditors invoices had been checked. The objective of this is to test the accuracy of purchases of inventory transactions. The error implies that related transactions are not recorded correctly. Also, these errors indicate that the internal control regarding payments is not very effective, because the proportion of error is almost 28% of 60 samples. It means that the risk of this related internal control is higher than average level. (b) Under this situation, external auditors should consider whether the evidences adopted by internal auditors are satisfied sufficiency and appropriateness. Particularly in respect of the appropriateness should be discussed here. Gourmet Pty Ltd is a large private company; therefore it must have a large volume of transactions. If internal auditors only selected 60 samples, it should be considered by external auditors that the amounts of samples are not sufficient and the control risk is higher than its actual level. Therefore, they can choose to increase the extent of test of control to try to reduce the risk level to an acceptable level. If the control is still not working as they expected, they can choose increase the extent of substantive testing in order to continual reliance on this control. If the control risk still can not be reduced by these tests of control, external auditors will give up the reliance on the control. In effect, auditors have determined that control does not exist or the existence of control can not provide reliable evidence. (textbook)