Explain What Constitutes the Physical and Psychological...

When a child comes into this world as a dependant, adults have a responsibility to support a child’s growth. Adults must provide children with a safe environment where their physical and psychological needs can be met, enabling them to grow into healthy secure beings. This thesis explores the physical and psychological needs of a three year old child, and how they can be met in a childcare setting in order to promote successful mental development. In the following writings these needs will be explained. It will be examined how these needs can benefit a child in their development and how individuals can be motivated whilst looking at the UK childcare standards of the Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage. What are†¦show more content†¦If a child asks why they should eat broccoli, one can answer by explaining that eating broccoli gives you more energy to run and jump. Because playing is an activity which children tend to enjoy, they will then relate the healthy food choice of ‘broccoli’ with pleasure. At all times a child ‘must be supported in developing and understanding of the importance of physical activity and making healthy choices in relation to food’(EYFS (2007) in Macleod – Brudenell, 2008, p70) What also should to be considered by a practitioner are the different physical needs of each child. When proposing a balanced diet, allergies, religions, or different diet choices should be taken into account. Eczema is an example of a condition which can be triggered by dietary choices. This condition can have an effect on a childs physical well-being and therefore food products which promote eczema will have to be identified and supplemented for in a child prone to eczema outbreaks. If a childs eczema is triggered by dairy products, one can consider using alternatives which will also provide nutritions to the child. This is just a simple example, but it is clear that there are many alternative food products which can be used to promote good health in children. The practitioner must understand and know their options, when creating a balanced diet for a child in the nursery setting. Not only is food itself important for a childs physical development, but so is itsShow MoreRelatedExplain What Constitutes the Physical and Psychological Needs of a Three Year Old Child. Explain How These Needs Can Ideally Be Met in a Childcare Setting.1653 Words   |  7 PagesExplain what constitutes the physical and psychological needs of a three year old child. Explain how these needs can ideally be met in a childcare setting. Explain what constitutes the physical and psychological needs of a three year old child. Explain how these needs can ideally be met in a childcare setting. A three year old child starts to become more independent, often wanting to do things without intervention from adults. It is the age that most children are toilet trained and childrenRead MoreConsider Research That Determines How Early Attachment Impacts on the Social and Emotional Development of Three to Five Year Olds and Adults.2451 Words   |  10 PagesExplain what constitutes the physical and psychological needs of a three year old child. Explain how these needs can ideally be met in a childcare settingDefine physical needs * Briefly define what is meant by physical needs, including exercise and rest, diet, health and safety * Identify the specific physical needs of a three year old.Give a full explanation of the steps carers should ideally take to fulfil these physical needs. * Consider for example, how you could provideRead MorePhysical and psychological needs of a 3 year old child1981 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿ Explain what constitutes the physical and psychological needs of a three year old child. Explain how these needs can ideally be met in a childcare setting. â€Å"The child s development follows a path of successive stages of independence, and our knowledge of this must guide us in our behaviour towards him. We have to help the child to act, will and think for himself. This is the art of serving the spirit, an art which can be practised to perfection only when working among children.† (MontessoriRead MoreExplain What Constitutes the Physical and Psychological Needs of a Three Year Old Child. Explain How You Would Ensure That These Physical and Psychological Needs Can Ideally Be Met in a Setting/Nursery Which the 3 Year2449 Words   |  10 PagesExplain what constitutes the physical and psychological needs of a three year old child. Explain how you would ensure that these physical and psychological needs can ideally be met in a setting/nursery which the 3 year old child attends from 8 am to 6 pm, 5 days a week. * Identify and define the specific physical needs of a three year old child – including exercise and rest, diet, health and safety. (10) * Give a full explanation of how these physical needs should ideally be met by an early yearsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesISBN-10: 0-13-283487-1 1. Organizational behavior. I. Judge, Tim. II. Title. HD58.7.R62 2012 658.3—dc23 2011038674 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation:Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pages to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced student user Ask your local representativeRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesbe able to: ââ€"  Identify four major HR challenges currently facing organizations and managers. List and define each of the seven major categories of HR activities. Identify the three different roles of HR management. Discuss the three dimensions associated with HR management as a strategic business contributor. Explain why HR professionals and operating managers must view HR management as an interface. Discuss why ethical issues and professionalism affect HR management as a career field. ââ€"  Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesPerspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subjectRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pages................. 268 SUMMARY............................................................. 272 NOTES.................................................................. 281 vii STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Table of Contents SECTION THREE .........................................................299 Human Resource Planning ......................................300 THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING ............................................................ 301 OVERVIEW OFRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pageson-the-job training, case studies and situations are perhaps the best way to learn project management. Case studies allow the students to apply the knowledge learned in lectures. Case studies require that the students investigate what went right in the case, what went wrong, and what recommendations should be made to prevent these problems from reoccurring in the future. The use of cases studies is applicable both to undergraduate and graduate level project management courses, as well as to training programs

The British Government Vs the US Government Free Essays

The United States and Britain are two powerful democracies in the world that always tried to uphold the values of democratic system and propagate those values across the globe. In most cases, they share same views and opinions in restoration of peace and democracy in different parts of the world. There are several factors that bring the countries closer. We will write a custom essay sample on The British Government Vs the US Government or any similar topic only for you Order Now The similarity in the political system of both the countries is one of those factors. Their political systems also differ in many aspects. However, still they share almost the same values and principles. The government system of these counties are so strong and convincing that many countries including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and others have adopted their constitution from these countries. The British Government, a Brief Overview Britain has a parliamentary democratic system with a constitutional monarch. Queen is regarded as head of the state. Unlike other constitutions in the world, the British constitution is made up of a combination of laws and practices that are not legally enforceable. However, they are considered as vital to the functioning of the government. â€Å"The British government system is divided into four parts: the Monarch, the Executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary. Although Queen is not involved in the day-to-day operation of the government, she is an integral part of all branches of the British government system† (James, 1999: 41). Britain provides a unique example of balance between the monarchy and democracy. Both Queen and the democratic head of the country perform their responsibilities without any conflict. The US Government, an Overview The political system of the United States gives a strong framework for a federal presidential form of democratic government. There is no monarchy in the United States. Unlike some other democracies in the world, the President keeps most powers in his hands. The president is both head of state and head of government. He is also the head of a two-party legislative and electoral system. â€Å"The US government system includes the Executive headed by the President, the legislature and the judiciary. Legislative power is vested in the Congress that has two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature and is comprised of the US Supreme Court and lower courts† (Vile, 1999: 31). The judiciary also has the power and authority to resolve the disputes between the executive and legislature. The British Parliament and the US Congress â€Å"The major difference between the government systems of Britain and the United States is the basis on which they are formed. While Britain has the parliamentary form of government, the United States has the presidential form of government† (Lijphart, 1992: 31). The legislature in Britain is known as the Parliament. It is made up of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Queen as constitutional monarch. â€Å"The House of Commons has 651 elected representatives who are called the Members of Parliament. They represent local constituencies. The House of Lords is comprised of 1,185 members who are selected on hereditary terms, two archbishops and the 24 most senior bishops† (James, 1999: 45). The center of parliamentary power in Britain is the House of Commons. â€Å"The House of Lords has limited powers in the functioning of the government. Traditionally, it complements the House of Commons and does not indulge in any type of conflict† (James, 1999: 46). The British Parliament uses several procedures to control the executive branch of the government system. When any report is prepared, the House of Commons gets the ultimate power to pass the resolution. If the House rejects any proposal, that becomes tantamount to be a no-confidence against the government. Like the British government system, the US Congress is also bicameral. It is comprised of the House of Representatives and the Senate. â€Å"The House has 435 members who represent the congressional districts. They serve a two-year term. House seats are determined on the basis of population in the respective states. The US Senate has 100 members. Each state sends two senators to the Senate who serve a six-year term. Both Senators and Representatives are elected through direct election† (Vile, 1999: 54). In the British government system, the House of Lords has very limited powers to decide the passage of any bill or proposal. However, this is not the case with the US Senate. â€Å"The Senate’s advice and consent is required to confirm the President’s nominations to high-level positions in the executive and the judiciary† (Vile, 1999: 52). Voting system in the British political system and the US political system is similar. In Britain, general elections are held every five years to choose MPs. Similarly, in the US, the President and the members of the House of Representatives are elected every two years. Voting is conducted through a secret ballot and the minimum age requirement to participate in voting is 18 in both countries. Political Parties Political parties in Britain and the United States play a major role in determining the course of the government. The political party system is essential to the smooth functioning of the constitution. Although there are several small parties in Britain, the contest is always between two major political parties, the Conservative Party and the Labor Party. All the general elections have been won by these parties. The smaller parties are mostly represented in local governments. After every general election, the government is formed by the party that gains majority in the House of Commons. The leader of the winning party is appointed as Prime Minister by the Queen. â€Å"The Prime Minister appoints about 100 ministers. Out of them, at least 20 ministers get the rank of cabinet ministers. They take all major policy decisions. Ministers are responsible for government decisions, as they are party to it† (Lijphart, 1992: 46). The opposition party, which gets less number of votes, plays a constructive role to challenge government policies and present an alternative. The policies are always carried out by government departments that are accountable to the respective ministries. However, these departments are staffed by neutral civil servants who have no association with any political party. They perform the executive functions of the government. The political system of Britain and the US is quite similar. Although they function as multi-party system, only two major parties in both countries hold much importance. The United States has two major political parties, the Republican Party and the Democratic Party that dominate the political spectrum of the country. â€Å"It is true that the political parties have not been recognized or registered by the law either in Britain or in the United States. However, they are regulated by the constitutions of individual states or counties that organize elections both at local and national level. Despite having multi-party system, both countries have been limited to a bi-party system† (Lijphart, 1992: 48). Decision Making Group In Britain, the decision-making group is comprised of the Prime Minister and his group of ministers. â€Å"The government of the United Kingdom contains a number of ministries. Each of them is led by a senior minister who is supported by some junior ministers† (James, 1999: 61). Any major decision taken by the government first goes through the House of Representatives and then goes to the Queen for her approval. â€Å"In the United States, the decision-making group comprises of the President and the Cabinet appointed by him. The Cabinet includes the Secretary of State, Attorney General and secretaries of other federal executive departments† (Vile, 1999: 60). The US has separate state departments. Each department is headed by a Secretary who directly reports to the President. Once a bill is prepared, it goes through the House of Representatives and the Senate. It becomes law only after both the houses approve it. Judicial System The British judicial system is completely different from the American judicial system. Britain does not have a single judicial system. It has separate judicial systems for the member countries. â€Å"England and Wales have one judicial system while Scotland has its own judiciary. Northern Ireland has another judicial system. The Lord Chancellor, who is the head of the judiciary in England and Wales, appoints judges and magistrates for criminal courts. He plays an active role in the executive, legislature and judiciary† (James, 1999: 71). The US Constitution provides scope for a powerful judiciary. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial authority in the United States. It is regarded as the guardian of the constitution. The judiciary of the US is completely independent of the executive and the legislature. â€Å"The Justices of the Supreme Court are nominated by the President with the consent of the Senate. While the Supreme Court is established by the US Constitution, all other federal courts are created by the Congress† (Vile, 1999: 62). The Supreme Court has the authority to hold both original and appellate jurisdiction. Functions of the Government The British government makes strategies with the help of group of ministers, approval of the House of Commons and the final assent from the Queen. However, it is not possible for the government to implement the policies without the help of the government departments. Government departments and their agencies are instrumental in implementing government policy. They often work with the local authorities, statutory boards and other government-sponsored organizations. The major government departments in Britain include the Ministry of Defense, Department of Social Security, Department of Trade and Industry and Department of Employment. These departments are headed by ministers. However, there are some departments that are headed by permanent officials from Civil Service. â€Å"Many government departments are assisted by advisory councils or committees. These bodies are generally appointed by the respective ministers† (James, 1999: 79). Members from the Civil Service are integral part of the government activities. Their responsibilities range from policy formulation to carrying out the day-to-day duties of public administration. The US government carries out its operations through various departments. â€Å"Although the President and the US congress formulate strategies, the federal executive departments implement these policies in the country. They work closely with the state governments and the local governments. The federal executive departments are headed by the members of the Cabinet† (Lijphart, 1992: 65). The main government departments in the United States are the Department of State, Department of Treasury, Department of Defense, Department of Justice, Department of Agriculture, Department of Commerce, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Education and Department of Homeland Security. Heads of these departments are called as Secretaries. Conclusion The United States and Britain always worked closely to restore peace and democracy in different parts of the world. Sometimes they used force to achieve their objective and received huge criticism for that. However, their dedication towards democracy, world peace and maintaining the constitutional values cannot be undermined. They always turned against the dictatorship and fascism and promoted democratic principles across the globe. The government systems of the United States and Britain are so popular that many governments have adopted them in their own countries. Bibliography James, Simon. British Cabinet Government. London: Routledge, 1999. Lijphart, Arend. Parliamentary versus Presidential Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. Vile, M. J. C. Politics in the USA. London: Routledge, 1999. How to cite The British Government Vs the US Government, Papers

Characterization Involvement in Themes Essay Example For Students

Characterization Involvement in Themes Essay 1Eng. Lit H2/19/04In William Goldings Lord of the Flies the theme of right versus wrong exists. The plot of the story is a basic fight for civilization where no governing body exists. This means that there is no ruler or parent to tell the kids who have been stranded what to do. They become their own parents so to speak and one of them becomes the leader to try to keep the surviving. However, this theme is best shown between the character traits of the two main characters, Ralph and Jack. Ralph is a symbol of morale, orderly conduct, and civilization. He becomes the leader of the group and takes upon the responsibility of governing all the stranded kids. He also takes on the task of finding a way to get off the island and be rescued. Ralph has the personality of being mature and making correct decisions at all times. He represents good in the story and strives to do the right things. He does not have the urge to be an all-powerful leader who orders everybody around. Also, he does not have the urge to be savage and evil to the other characters. Ralph makes mature decisions and has a drive to be saved and be rescued. All his actions have the motive of benefiting everyone. His first action as a leader consists of creating a signal fire to get the attention of ships at sea. Gaining their attention to the smoke will eventually lead to them being rescued. Next, he sets to build huts for shelter and appoints Jack to be leader of the hunters to provide food. This one decision will lead to future complications, as Jack is the direct opposite of Ralph. Jack is a representation of immorality and disorderly conduct. He is not someone who focuses on solving the main problem of getting off the island. Instead, he focuses on 2having fun and avoiding work. He has the urge to be a fierce competitor and shows it through savage hunting of animals. He likes to be evil and mean to the younger characters because it brings him amusement. Jack makes immature decisions and is selfish because of his drive to do things for the benefit of himself. He is not one to be ruled over because he has greed for power and sees himself more as a leader instead of a follower. With this as his motive and power of leader of the hunters, Jack makes the immature decision of breaking the group. He decides to make his own tribe that is supposed to be better, stronger, and more fun the Ralphs tribe. Since he is the leader of the hunters, all of the hunters join him along with most of the other characters. This event will complete the theme of right versus wrong. With two groups on the island, there is sure to be complications among them. The two groups are opposites: one representing right, morality, and maturity and the other representing wrong, immorality, and immaturity. The group led by Jack wants to attack the other group to prove that they are indeed stronger and because they want all the power. Ralph does not want to fight because it will lead to everyones demise, but instead wants to fix the problem through discussion, reason, and compromise. This does not work and Jack is successful in taking everyone out in Ralphs group except for Ralph. The will power and drive of Ralphs urge to be moral and good will not let him be defeated. In a run around the island to get away from all of the hunters, Ralph accidentally ignites the entire jungle into an inferno. A British fleet sees the blaze and comes to Ralphs rescue just before the hunters can kill him. With the rescue complete, Ralph with his righteous personality overcomes all odds and de feats those with wrong personalities.

Moby Dick And The Counterpane Theme Essays - Moby-Dick, Pequod

Moby Dick And The Counterpane Theme There is a symbolic element in every great literary work, which makes the authors message more tangible and real to his readers. In Herman Melvilles Moby Dick, one such element is the idea of the counterpane, or tapestry, of humanity, that is woven throughout the story as a symbol of the worlds multiculturalism. Melville develops this symbolism on at least three levels, proving that the world is indeed a counterpane of diverse cultures, races, and environments, in which we, while supremely unique individuals, are always connected by our humanity. On a grandiose scale, Melville uses the open sea as a metaphor for the world and mankind. There are many creatures that depend on the water, and then still others who depend on the creatures that depend on the water. In order for everything to be balanced, inhabitants must learn to coexist peacefully while they try to meet all of the different needs they may have. The multiple ships that the Pequod meets during all of the gams in the story, each represented a different culture of people. For instance, the Jungfrau (or Virgin), was a ship from Germany, while the Rosebud was from France, and the Town Ho came straight out of Nantucket. Not only were the different ships different in style and accents, but their views on whaling and life were all greatly varied as well. There was also a great deal of irony in the meetings of the Pequod with the other ships. . . . another homeward bound whaleman, the Town - Ho, was encountered. She was manned almost wholly by Polynesians (Melville, 239). The ship that came from one of the most white places in the whaling world, was not being run by whites! The Pequod also encounters . . . another ship, most miserably misnamed the Delight (Melville, 504). The Delight had seen a tragic whaling attempt just a day prior and was now taking care of the last of the victims. I bury, but one of five stout men, who were alive only yesterday; but were dead ere night. Only that one I bury; the rest were buried before they died; you sail upon their tomb (Melville, 504 - 505). This irony, clearly present in all the Pequods gams, reflects mankind. The multiculturalism of all the different ships proved that we as humans, are all connected by the idea that sometimes we will have to rely on people we would never expect, while those we thought could survive anything are the first to be lost. . . . Melvilles novel becomes a conglomeration of thoughts on evil verses good, the role of fate, the tension between Christianity and paganism, in addition to a multitude of other subjects (Chiu, 1). The crew of the Pequod is by far the most obvious counterpane in Moby Dick. Each crew member was different in his own way and brought some diverse culture and background to the ship. The three non - white harpooners, the three mates, who were white, but each held their own different beliefs about life, and the other members of the crew, such as Fedallah, Pip, Ahab, and Ishamael, all made up one big patchwork quilt of cultures. Swimming against the racist tide of most popular fiction, Melville invested the Pequods three nonwhite harpooners with the dignity of priests, kings, and princes, and relegated the three white mates, Starbuck, Stubb, and Flask, to the status of cowards, knaves, and fools, substituting a hierarchy of merit for the hierarchy of privilege that puts whites in command of people of color ( Robertson - Lorant, 281). It is interesting to see once again, how the white people on the ship, who most likely never dreamed of putting their lives in the hands of colored people, were so completely dependent on the colored members of the crew. Without the harpooners, the Pequod would have perished long before they even spotted Moby Dick. I think the prime example of this interdependency within the crew, is the relationship between Ishmael and Queequeg. Ishmael, the stereotypical white Christian, was one of the few to accept others beliefs. His bonding with Queequeg beautifully illustrates the

Writing a GED Essay Sample - Your Goal Is to Do it With Less Pressure

Writing a GED Essay Sample - Your Goal Is to Do it With Less PressureWriting a GED essay sample is not an easy task. A lot of students today take this as their graduation requirement. It's not easy to write GED in general, but you can definitely enjoy this experience if you have the right strategy to succeed in it.Writing a GED essay sample is not easy especially if you have already written a lot of papers. A lot of people want to make it big so they end up doing it in the last minute without knowing what will happen after finishing it. They put too much pressure on themselves. They need to put less pressure on themselves so that they can finish the papers. You need to be patient and just do the work for yourself so that you can be able to work on it the way you want.If you think that it is too difficult for you to complete such assignment, you may not consider it for the future. You need to prepare enough time so that you can finish it yourself. Doing it is your responsibility as we ll, so don't let anybody else to manage it for you.Do your own research. It is not necessary to ask the help of the teacher. All the materials are available online.Before you start writing the essay, you need to determine your level of ability. Do you have enough knowledge of the GED topic? When you think that you don't have enough knowledge, you can ask some experts or friends who are experienced to help you. This will be helpful to you because you can ask for more information and this will make you have a better understanding of what you are doing.The most important step is to set aside time to work on it. Once you have set aside the time, make sure that you have lots of it. You need to do it at least once a week so that you can get good quality work done.After finishing the essay, you can sit down and analyze it to see if it is what you expected. This will give you the confidence that you need to continue writing. You can always go back to do another one if it is not what you exp ected.

Medieval Life Essay Example

Medieval Life Essay Example Medieval Life Essay Medieval Life Essay Essay on Medieval Life The Middle Ages was a period in Western European history that followed the collapse of the Roman Empire between the 4th and 5th centuries and lasted up into the 15th century.Medieval Europe was far from unified.It was a large area split into small, culturally diverse units that were never totally in control by any one authority.With the collapse of the Roman Empire, Christianity became the backbone of Western civilization.The papacy gradually gained secular authority and monastic communities, generally under the Rule of St. Benedict, flourished during this time period. By the 8th century, culture centered on Christianity had been established.Feudalism, with the manorial system as its backbone, became the typical social and political organization of Europe.The new framework gained stability from the 11th century, as the invaders became Christian and settled and as prosperity was created by agricultural innovations, increasing productivity, and population expansion.As Europe entered the period known as the High Middle Ages, the church became the widespread and unifying institution.Strong popes, especially Gregory VII, worked for a renewed Europe guided by a centralized church, a goal which evolved under Innocent III.The church was weakened by internal conflicts as well as by quarrels between church and state. Finally, the great medieval unity of Christianity was shattered by the religious theories that culminated in the Protestant Reformation.The transition from the Greco-Roman world to the medieval world was a sharp break from the ancient past which preceded it.More specifically, the church and state were never separate entities during ancient times.Also, in terms of economics, the economy that was created in Greece and Rome centered on agriculture saw little change during the transition into the Middle Ages.

History of Women Running for President

History of Women Running for President The history of women running for president in the United States spans 140 years, but only in the last five years has a female candidate been taken seriously as a viable contender or come within reach of a major party nomination. Victoria Woodhull - Wall Streets First Female Broker The first woman to run for President of the United States was something of an anomaly since women did not yet have the right to vote - and wouldnt earn it for another 50 years. In 1870, 31-year-old Victoria Woodhull had already made a name for herself as Wall Streets first female stockbroker when she announced she would run for President in the New York Herald. According to her 1871 campaign bio written by fellow reformer Thomas Tilton, she did so mainly for the purpose of drawing public attention to the claims of woman to political equality with man. Concurrent with her presidential campaign, Woodhull also published a weekly newspaper, rose to prominence as a leading voice in the suffrage movement and launched a successful speaking career. Nominated by the Equal Rights Party to serve as their candidate, she went up against the incumbent Ulysses S. Grant and Democratic nominee Horace Greeley in the 1872 election. Unfortunately, Woodhull spent Election Eve behind bars, charged with using the U.S. mails to utter obscene publication, namely to distribute her newspapers exposà © of the infidelities of prominent clergyman Rev. Henry Ward Beecher and the indiscretions of Luther Challis, a stockbroker who allegedly seduced adolescent girls. Woodhull triumphed over the charges against her but lost her presidential bid. Belva Lockwood - First Female Attorney to Argue Before Supreme Court Described by the U.S. National Archives as the first woman to run a full-fledged campaign for the presidency of the United States, Belva Lockwood possessed an impressive list of credentials when she ran for president in 1884. Widowed at age 22 with a 3-year-old, she put herself through college, earned a law degree, became the first woman admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court and the first female attorney to argue a case before the nations high court. She ran for president to promote womens suffrage, telling reporters that although she couldnt vote, nothing in the Constitution prohibited a man from voting for her. Nearly 5,000 did. Undaunted by her loss, she ran again in 1888. Margaret Chase Smith - First Woman Elected to House and Senate The first woman to have her name put in for nomination for the presidency by a major political party did not envision a career in politics as a young woman. Margaret Chase had worked as a teacher, telephone operator, office manager for a woolen mill and newspaper staffer before she met and married local politician Clyde Harold Smith at age 32. Six years later he was elected to Congress and she managed his Washington office and worked on behalf of the Maine GOP. When he died of a heart condition in April 1940, Margaret Chase Smith won the special election to fill out his term and was re-elected to the House of Representatives, then was elected to the Senate in 1948 - the first female Senator elected on her own merits (not a widow/not previously appointed) and the first woman to serve in both chambers. She announced her presidential campaign in January 1964, saying, â€Å"I have few illusions and no money, but I’m staying for the finish.† According to the Women in Congress website, At the 1964 Republican Convention, she became the first woman to have her name put in for nomination for the presidency by a major political party. Receiving the support of just 27 delegates and losing the nomination to Senate colleague Barry Goldwater, it was a symbolic achievement. Shirley Chisholm - First Black Woman to Run for President Eight years later Rep. Shirley Chisholm (D-NY) launched her presidential campaign for the Democratic nomination on January 27, 1972, becoming the first African American woman to do so. Although she was as committed as any major party male candidate, her run - like Chase Smiths nomination - was largely seen as symbolic. Chisholm did not identify herself as the candidate of the womens movement of this country, although I am a woman, and I am equally proud of that. Instead, she saw herself as the candidate of the people of America and acknowledged my presence before you now symbolizes a new era in American political history. It was a new era in more ways than one, and Chisholms use of that word may have been deliberate. Her campaign paralleled an increasing push for passage of the ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) initially introduced in 1923 but newly invigorated by the growing womens movement. As a presidential candidate, Chisholm took a bold new approach that rejected tired and glib cliches and sought to bring a voice to the disenfranchised. In operating outside the rules of the old boys club of career politicians, Chisholm did not have the backing of the Democratic party or its most prominent liberals. Yet 151 votes were cast for her at the 1972 Democratic National Convention. Hillary Clinton - Most Successful Female Candidate The most well-known and successful female presidential candidate to date has been Hillary Clinton. The former First Lady and junior Senator from New York announced she was running for President on January 20, 2007, and entered the race as the frontrunner for the 2008 nomination - a position she held until Senator Barack Obama (D-Illinois) wrested it from her in late 2007/early 2008. Clintons candidacy stands in marked contrast to earlier bids for the White House by accomplished women who were prominent and respected but who had little chance of winning. Michelle Bachmann - First Female GOP Frontrunner By the time Michele Bachmann announced her intent to run for president in the 2012 election cycle, her campaign was neither farfetched nor a novelty thanks to this longstanding sisterhood of female candidates who had previously paved the way. In fact, the only female candidate in the GOP field took an early lead after winning the Iowa Straw Poll in August 2011. Yet Bachmann barely acknowledged the contributions of her political foremothers and seemed reluctant to publicly credit them with laying the foundation that made her own candidacy possible. Only when her campaign was in its final days did she acknowledge the need to elect strong women to positions of power and influence. Sources Kullmann, Susan. Legal Contender: Victoria C. Woodhull, The Womens Quarterly (Fall 1988), pp. 16-1, reprinted at Feministgeek.com.Margaret Chase Smith. Office of History and Preservation, Office of the Clerk, Women in Congress, 1917–2006. U.S. Government Printing Office, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2012.Norgren, Jill. Belva Lockwood: Blazing the Trail for Women in Law. Prologue Magazine, Spring 2005, Vol. 37, No. 1 at www. archives.gov.Tilton, Theodore. Victoria C. Woodhull, A Biographical Sketch. The Golden Age, Tract No. 3, 1871. victoria-woodhull.com. Retrieved 10 January 2012.first woman to run for US President.